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作者简介:

李加玲,1999年出生,博士研究生。主要研究方向为多物理场下材料接触磨损。E-mail: lijialing1611@163.com

通讯作者:

王宇星,1991年出生,讲师。主要研究方向为微纳米结构接触及摩擦问题。E-mail: wangyuxing1991@163.com

中图分类号:TL344

DOI:10.11933/j.issn.1007-9289.20230912001

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目录contents

    摘要

    随着核电技术更新迭代,由于传统 Zr 合金包壳存在安全性能缺陷,核燃料组件安全面临严峻挑战,探索开发新型核燃料包壳管成为核电安全防护领域的重点研究。以 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管(改良型 ATF 材料)为研究对象,探究切向位移对 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管微动磨损行为及磨损机理的影响。采用白光干涉仪表征出 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管表面磨痕的三维形貌,对 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管表面磨痕的截面轮廓以及磨损深度进行测算。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS) 对表面磨痕的微观形貌以及元素组成进行表征。结果表明:随着切向位移增加最大磨损深度随之增加,微动运行状态由部分滑移逐渐转变为完全滑移,Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管表面的磨屑黏着现象逐渐减弱,磨损机理由黏着磨损转变为剥层磨损。所有试验中 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管存在明显的氧化磨损。从微观角度探索了接触模型为 GTR 构型的改良型 ATF 包壳材料微动磨损机理以及微动磨损行为,制备的 Cr 涂层能够提高 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管的微动磨损性能,有效延长包壳管的服役寿命。

    Abstract

    Zr alloys are widely used as fuel rod cladding materials in nuclear reactors because of their small neutron absorption cross-section, high strength at high temperatures, and strong corrosion resistance. With the new iteration of nuclear power technology, the traditional Zr alloy cladding tube has exposed serious defects in safety performance, and the safety of nuclear fuel assemblies has been severely challenged. Currently, the exploration and development of new ATF materials have focused on nuclear reactor safety.The physical and chemical properties of the substrate can be improved by spraying a wear-resistant coating on the Zr alloy surface. The Cr coating has excellent high-temperature wear resistance and is currently the most important coating material. However, there are few reports on the fretting wear properties of Cr-coated Zr alloy cladding tubes and dimple structures that are in actual use in nuclear reactors. In this paper, the effect of tangential displacement on the fretting wear mechanism and wear properties of Cr-coated Zr-1Nb alloy coated tubes are investigated at room temperature. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectrometry were used to observe the surface morphology and elemental composition of the wear marks, respectively. The wear volume and maximum wear depth of the wear marks were measured using a white light interferometer. The results showed that the surface material underwent repeated alternating loads, resulting in cracks within the microstructure that eventually expanded to form wear debris. The tangential displacement amplitude is the key factor affecting fretting wear. As the amplitude increased, the wear debris was discharged more easily, the direct contact area between the samples increased, the sliding zone increased, and the fretting running status changed from a mixed fretting regime to a gross slip regime. This resulted in more evident delamination wear, oxidation wear, and increased surface stress, which led to the intensification of wear. When the tangential displacement is small, the Cr-coated Zr-1Nb alloy cladding tube only comes into contact with the dimple ends, wear debris is difficult to discharge, and its presence changes the friction from two-body contact to three-body contact. A large amount of wear debris accumulated between the samples and underwent repeated grinding and oxidation sintering, forming a third body layer. This layer can be regarded as a solid lubricant that prevents direct contact with the sample surface and further wear damage. When the displacement is large, the wear debris is easily discharged; therefore, less wear debris accumulates on the surface. The Cr-coated Zr-1Nb alloy cladding tube and dimple primarily contact each other through two-body contact; however, there is also three-body contact in the central region of the wear mark. Excessive shear stress and strain on the sample surface caused material detachment or delamination. In all experiments, the surface of the Cr-coated Zr-1Nb alloy cladding tube exhibited an evident abrasive adhesion phenomenon. However, with the increase in tangential displacement, the relative slip distance between the samples increased, and the debris was more easily discharged during the fretting process; thus, the accumulation and adhesion phenomenon of the debris was gradually weakened. Because there was a phenomenon of stress concentration at the contact edge area between the contact surfaces of the specimen, wear preferentially occurred in the contact edge area. It can be observed from the micromorphology of the wear surface that its characteristics are material accumulation, lamellar stripping, and microcracks in local areas. Therefore, the wear mechanism of the Cr-coated Zr-1Nb alloy cladding tube was primarily adhesive and peeling wear, and the elemental composition of the wear surface indicated that the O element entered the contact area during the test and oxidized wear.

  • 0 前言

  • 微动磨损是由接触结构因交变载荷引起接触表面之间产生微幅的相对滑移(相对滑移距离小于 300 μm)而造成结构接触界面之间的损伤[1-3]。微动磨损是造成核反应堆燃料棒包壳失效的首要原因, 2011 年日本福岛核电事故暴露出传统 Zr 合金包壳管的安全性能存在着严重缺陷。因此各国学者陆续开始了新型核燃料包壳管材料的研制,旨在提高燃料棒包壳管的安全性能,减少核事故的发生。目前对于核燃料包壳管材料的研制方向主要分为两类:一是研制革新性 ATF 材料,主流的研制材料有 SiC 复合材料以及 FeCrAl 材料等[4-6];另一类是探究开发改良型 ATF 材料,通过在 Zr 合金包壳管表面制备涂层的方式,主要的涂层材料有 Cr 涂层及 FeCrAl 涂层[7-9]。相比于开发革新型 ATF 材料,通过制备涂层的改良型 ATF 材料更经济且更容易实现。

  • 由于 Cr 涂层制备工艺相对简单,Cr 元素拥有稳定的化学性质及良好的抗酸碱腐蚀性能,因此制备 Cr 涂层的包壳管是目前的热点研究方向。对于 Cr 涂层包壳管的研究,已经取得了一些阶段性的成果。BISCHOFF 等[10]研究表明,在高温下,Cr 涂层有助于减少核燃料包壳管表面的氧化,防止氧元素扩散到基体材料中。并在 M5 锆合金上制备了约 15 μm 厚的 Cr 涂层进行的磨损测试,测试结果也证明了 Cr 涂层显著降低了包壳管和定位格架之间的磨损,相比于无涂层包壳管,Cr 涂层 Zr 合金包壳管的抗磨损性能得到了显著性提高。蔡振兵团队[11-12]在高温高压水中对 Cr 涂层 Zr 合金包壳进行微动磨损试验,其结果发现试验温度的改变会导致包壳管的磨损机理发生转变,并且随着试验温度的升高,Cr 涂层对包壳管的保护作用也会随之提高。试验材料的接触摩擦行为受到多种因素(微动参数、接触结构、试验环境等)的影响。然而,在目前对核燃料包壳管微动磨损的研究中,摩擦副的接触结构采用球-平面接触或圆柱十字交叉接触,而不是采用核燃料组件栅格-燃料棒(GTR 结构)的接触方式[3]。GTR 接触结构的 Cr 涂层 Zr 合金包壳管的微动磨损行为和磨损机理尚未明确。

  • 本文以Cr涂层Zr-1Nb合金包壳管作为研究对象,摩擦副采用 GTR 接触结构。在常温大气环境下开展不同切向位移幅值的 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管-刚凸微动磨损试验,通过分析 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管的表面微观形貌、三维磨痕形貌等,探究切向位移幅值对 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管的磨损行为以及磨损机制的影响,为 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管在核反应堆中的应用提供试验数据支撑。

  • 1 试验材料

  • 试验材料选用外径 9.5 mm、内径 8.5 mm 及长度为 1 m 的 Zr-1Nb 合金管为基体,其材料成分见表1。通过磁控溅射方法[13]制备 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管,Cr 涂层的厚度约为 15 μm。

  • 表1 摩擦副材料的化学成分(质量分数 / wt.%)

  • Table1 Chemical composition of the friction auxiliary material (wt.%)

  • 对磨副是定位格架的原有结构刚凸,刚凸与 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管组成摩擦副。刚凸的材料为 Zr-4 合金,材料成分见表1。通过机械加工的方式将 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管切割成长度 20 mm 的管试样,经超声清洗后待用。

  • 为了分析对比摩擦副的材料硬度,采用显微硬度测试仪(HVS-1000A)在 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管和刚凸表面进行硬度测试。显微硬度测试采用维氏硬度压头,加载载荷为 2 N,保持压入的时间为 15 s,为保证数据的准确性,每个试样测试 3 个数据点,并取平均值,其结果列于表2。

  • 表2 摩擦副材料的显微硬度

  • Table2 Microhardness of grinding materials

  • 图1 显示了 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管表面微观形貌,可知 Cr 涂层较为均匀致密,表面存在细小沟壑。图2 为 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管表面 XRD 图谱,Cr 的化学性质非常稳定,不易与 O 发生反应,所以图中只有 Cr 元素。

  • 图1 磨损前包壳管表面形貌

  • Fig.1 Surface appearance of cladding tube before wear

  • 图2 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管表面 XRD 图谱

  • Fig.2 XRD pattern of Cr-coated Zr-1Nb alloy cladding tube surface

  • 2 试验设备与工况

  • 采用西南交通大学自主研发设计的切向微动磨损试验机开展试验,具体设备如图3 所示。上试样为 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管,下试样为刚凸,试样接触方式为线接触。在试验过程中,通过横向音圈电机实施切向位移加载,竖向音圈电机施加法向荷载,并通过位移传感器实时采集切向位移,摩擦力随切向位移、循环次数的响应值由载荷传感器进行实时采集。切向微动磨损试验具体的工况参数列于表3,试验完成后将试样再次放入无水乙醇中超声清洗 10 min,清除试样表面松散的磨屑。

  • 图3 微动磨损试验装置及摩擦副示意图

  • Fig.3 Fretting wear test device and friction pair diagram

  • 表3 微动磨损试验参数

  • Table3 Experimental parameter of fretting wear.

  • 试验完成后,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对试样磨痕区域的形貌进行观察分析;采用能谱仪 (EDS)对磨痕内外元素进行对比,采用白光干涉仪对试样磨痕区域三维磨损形貌进行分析,并测量最大磨损深度。

  • 3 结果与讨论

  • 3.1 微动运行特征

  • 在切向微动磨损试验中,摩擦力-切向位移 (Ft-D)曲线是表征微动磨损过程的重要力学参数,可以有效地反应材料的微动运行状态。大量不同试验工况下的试验表明,微动磨损试验的摩擦力-切向位移曲线(Ft-D)只能呈现 3 种基本类型:直线型、平行四边形型和椭圆型[14-15]。图4 显示不同试验工况下的摩擦力-切向位移曲线(Ft-D)。在整个微动磨损试验过程中,当切向位移 D=40、60 μm 时,试验所得的摩擦力-切向位移曲线表现为明显的椭圆形状,这表明该工况下微动运行处于部分滑移区,试验过程中 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管与刚凸的接触中心处于黏着的状态,仅在接触的边缘发生微滑。增大切向位移至 80 μm 时,试验所得的摩擦力-切向位移曲线(Ft-D)呈现出椭圆形和平行四边形之间相互转换的趋势,这表明该工况下微动运行处于混合滑移区。当继续增大切向位移至 100、120 μm 时,试验所得的摩擦力-切向位移曲线(Ft-D)为明显的平行四边形,这表明试验过程中 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管与刚凸接触状态处于完全滑移状态。随着切向位移 D 的增加(40 μm 增加至 120 μm),Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管与刚凸微动运行状态由部分滑移(PSR)转变为混合滑移(MFR)最终转变为完全滑移(GSR)。

  • 图4 摩擦力-切向位移曲线

  • Fig.4 Friction-tangential displacement curves under different tangential displacement amplitudes

  • 3.2 磨痕形貌和磨痕轮廓分析

  • 在试验过程中,由于 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管与刚凸之间的相互作用,摩擦副表面在平行于微动方向上产生磨痕,在垂直于微动方向上产生压痕,本文工作重点关注摩擦副表面的磨痕。

  • 图5 显示了 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管与刚凸的表面磨痕的三维形貌。当切向位移D=40~100 μm 时(图5a~5d),磨痕内存在明显的磨屑黏着堆积的现象。造成这种现象的原因是,在微动磨损过程中产生的磨屑未能及时的排出,导致磨屑堆积在磨痕区域内,经过对磨副刚凸的反复碾压,磨屑会紧紧的黏附在 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管的表面,逐渐形成高于Cr涂层Zr-1Nb合金包壳管表面的凸起。随着切向位移的增大,凸起的面积占磨痕总面积的占比在逐渐减小,说明切向位移越大,磨屑在微动过程的排出越容易。当切向位移 D=120 μm 时(图5e),磨痕区域内已经无明显的磨屑堆积黏着现象。

  • 图5 为 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管与刚凸的表面磨痕的三维形貌,以及截面轮廓当切向位移 D=40~100 μm 时(图5a~5d),磨痕内存在明显的磨屑黏着堆积的现象。造成这种现象的原因是,在微动磨损过程中产生的磨屑未能及时的排出,导致磨屑堆积在磨痕区域内,经过对磨副刚凸的反复碾压,磨屑会紧紧的黏附在 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管的表面,逐渐形成高于 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管表面的凸起。随着切向位移的增大,凸起的面积占磨痕总面积的占比在逐渐减小,说明切向位移越大,磨屑在微动过程的排出越容易。

  • 当切向位移 D=120 μm 时(图5e),磨痕区域内已经无明显的磨屑堆积黏着现象。切向位移 D=40 μm 时(图5a),整体磨痕形状由两个细长的椭圆形磨痕组成,Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管表面磨痕区域内为堆积黏着的磨屑,并无明显的包壳管材料磨损,最大磨损深度为3.05 μm(图6)。D=60 μm 时(图5b)整体磨痕形状由两个扇形磨痕组成,Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管表面磨痕区域内大部分仍是黏着的磨屑,在磨痕的边缘区域出现了材料磨损的现象,最大磨损深度为 8.6 μm(图6)。增大切向位移至 80 μm 时(图5c),磨痕形状转变为哑铃形, Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管表面仅在磨痕中心区域内存在堆积黏着的磨屑,在磨痕的边缘区域出现大量的材料损失,最大磨损深度为 10.5 μm(图6)。继续增大切向位移 D=100 μm 时(图5d),磨痕的形状转变为矩形,Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管表面仅在小部分区域内存在堆积黏着的磨屑,最大磨损深度 24.6 μm(图6)。当切向位移 D=120 μm 时(图5e),磨痕的形状为矩形,Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管表面已无明显堆积黏着的磨屑,磨痕区域内出现了不同深度的磨坑,最大磨损深度为 54.3 μm (图6)。

  • 在不同切向位移工况下造成 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管表面磨痕整体形状不同的原因是,刚凸表面并非平面,而是一个两边高中间低的凹面。这导致 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管在试验初始阶段只与刚凸两端接触,磨损也只在刚凸的两端发生。随着切向位移的增加,刚凸表面的磨损加剧,导致刚凸表面的磨损深度增加,Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管逐渐与刚凸表面的中间部分接触。

  • 图5 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管表面磨痕的三维形貌以及截面轮廓

  • Fig.5 Three-dimensional morphology of wear marks on Cr-coated Zr-1Nb alloy cladding tube

  • 图6 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管最大磨损深度

  • Fig.6 Maximum wear depth of Cr-coated Zr-1Nb alloy cladding tube

  • 3.3 磨痕表面微观形貌

  • 不同切向位移工况下 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管表面磨痕微观形貌如图7 所示。从图7 中可以看出,随着切向位移的增加,Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管的磨痕面积增加,材料的磨损加剧。当切向位移较小时(D=40 μm),Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管表面磨损非常轻微,在磨痕边缘区域可见材料堆积以及离散的颗粒状磨屑。当切向位移 D=60 μm 时, Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管表面存在明显的磨痕轮廓,在磨痕区域内可见大面积的材料堆积,磨痕局部存在微裂纹,并且伴随轻微剥层。当切向位移 D=80~120 μm 时,磨痕中部可见片状磨屑,磨痕边缘出现了塑性变形以及材料堆积。Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管磨损机制主要以黏着磨损、剥层磨损为主。

  • 图8 显示了 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管在不同切向位移工况下磨痕内外元素对比。磨痕区域外 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管主要以 O 和 Cr 两种元素组成,磨痕区域内 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管主要以 O、Zr、Cr 三种元素组成。各试验工况下,磨痕区域内的 O 元素显著高于磨痕外的 O 元素。磨痕区域外 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管主要由 O 和 Cr 两种元素组成。这表明 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管在磨损过程中发生了明显的氧化磨损。切向位移为 40~80 μm 时,最大磨损深度均小于 Cr 涂层的厚度,磨痕区域内所检测出的 Zr 元素全部来自于刚凸(Zr-4 合金)磨损所产生的磨屑,所以 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管表面存在明显的材料转移现象。

  • 3.4 切向位移对 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管微动磨损行为的影响

  • 磨屑产生的原因是,试样表面产生严重的塑性变形,而破裂后直接从接触界面剥离。表面粗糙度较大的接触面会降低裂纹临界剪切应力,导致磨屑加速剥离[16]

  • 如表2 所示,Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管的硬度大于刚凸(Zr-4 合金),根据黏着磨损机制[17-18],刚凸磨损材料会转移至 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管表面。当位移较小时(图6a~6c),Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管与刚凸接触面之间的磨屑不易排出,磨屑的存在使试验之间的摩擦由二体接触变为三体接触。大量磨屑堆积在试样之间,经过反复碾压、氧化烧结,形成第三体层。三体层可视为润滑剂,避免 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管与刚凸表面的直接接触,防止 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管进一步磨损[19-20]。当位移较大时(图6d~6e),磨屑容易排出,因此 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管表面堆积的磨屑较少。Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管刚凸仍以二体接触为主,但在磨痕中心区域也存在三体接触。Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管表面过大的剪切应力和应变导致材料剥离或分层。

  • 图7 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管表面磨痕的微观形貌

  • Fig.7 Microstructure of wear marks on Cr-coated Zr-1Nb alloy cladding tube

  • 图8 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳 EDS 点分析

  • Fig.8 EDS point analysis of Cr-coated Zr-1Nb alloy cladding

  • 4 结论

  • 利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS) 和三维白光干涉仪研究了 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管与Zr-4 合金刚凸接触系统在不同切向位移下的微动磨损行为。得出以下主要结论:

  • (1)磨痕微观形貌及表面元素分布等揭示了切向位移与 Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管磨损机理,以及微动运行状态之间的映射关系,验证了 Cr 涂层能够有效防止 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管表面发生氧化现象。

  • (2)在不同切向位移试验条件下,Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管的动力学(Ft-D)曲线呈现出不同的形状。随着切向位移的增大,动力学曲线由椭圆形变为平行四边形。相应地,微动运行状态由 PSR 转变为 GSR。微动运行状态为 MFR 时,磨损机制以粘着磨损和氧化磨损为主,并伴有明显的材料转移现象。在 GSR 中,磨损机制主要是剥层磨损和氧化磨损。所有试验工况下均有明显的氧化磨损。

  • (3)Cr 涂层可以减少包壳管的磨损。当位移较小时,试样之间的三体层可以抑制系统的磨损。当位移较大时,磨屑更易排出,加剧了接触试样的磨损。伴随着微动滑移距离的增加,Cr 涂层 Zr-1Nb 合金包壳管表面的磨屑黏着现象逐渐减弱,最大磨损深度逐渐增大。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 周仲荣,罗唯力,刘家浚.微动摩擦学的发展现状与趋势[J].摩擦学学报,1997(3):81-89.ZHOU Zhongrong,LUO Weili,LIU Jiajun.Recent development in fretting research[J].Tribology Journal,1997(3):81-89.(in Chinese)

    • [2] CHO K H,KIM T H,KIM S S.Fretting wear characteristics of zircaloy-4 tube[J].Wear,1998,219(1):3-7.

    • [3] KIM T H,KIM S S.Fretting wear mechanisms of Zircaloy-4 and Inconel 600 contact in air[J].KSME International Journal,2001,15(9):1274-1280.

    • [4] HU X,TERRANI K A,WIRTH B D,et al.Hydrogen permeation in FeCrAl alloys for LWR cladding application[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2015,461:282-291.

    • [5] MASSEY C P,TERRANI K A,DRYEPONDT S N,et al.Cladding burst behavior of Fe-based alloys under LOCA[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2016,470:128-138.

    • [6] 刘仕超,庞华,周毅,等.SiC 复合包壳热冲击行为分析[J].核动力工程,2022,43(3):107-112.LIU Shichao,PANG Hua,ZHOU Yi,et al.Thermal shock behavior analysis of SiC composite cladding[J].Nuclear Power Engineering,2022,43(3):107-112.(in Chinese)

    • [7] 江海霞,段泽文,马鹏翔,等.核反应堆中锆合金包壳及其表面涂层的微动磨损行为研究进展[J].摩擦学学报,2021,41(3):423-436.JIANG Haixia,DUAN Zhewen,MA Pengxiang,et al.Research progress on fretting wear behavior of fuel cladding materials in nuclear reactor[J].Tribology,2021,41(3):423-436.(in Chinese)

    • [8] 王淑祥,白书欣,朱利安,等.核燃料包壳锆合金表面铬涂层研究进展[J].表面技术,2021,50(1):221-231.WANG Shuxiang,BAI Shuxin,ZHU Lian,et al.Research progress of chromium coating on zirconium alloy for nuclear fuel cladding[J].Surface Technology,2021,50(1):221-231.(in Chinese)

    • [9] 杨红艳,陈寰,张瑞谦,等.核电耐事故锆包壳表面涂层研究进展[J].表面技术,2022,51(7):87-97.YANG Honyan,CHEN Huan,ZHANG Ruiqian,et al.Research progress of the surface coating for zirconium alloy cladding of accident tolerant fuel in nuclear power plant[J].Surface Technology,2022,51(7):87-97.(in Chinese)

    • [10] BISCHOFF J,DELAFOY C,VAUGLIN C,et al.AREVA NP's enhanced accident-tolerant fuel developments:Focus on Cr-coated M5 cladding[J].Nuclear Engineering and Technology,2018,50(2):223-228.

    • [11] CAI Z B,LI Z Y,YIN M G,et al.A review of fretting study on nuclear power equipment[J].Tribology International,2020,144:106095.

    • [12] WANG J,LI H,LI Z,et al.Effect of temperature on the fretting wear behavior of Cr-coated Zircaloy cladding in high-temperature pressurized water[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2023,584:154516.

    • [13] 黄鹤,邱长军,陈勇,等.锆合金表面磁控溅射与多弧离子镀Cr涂层的高温抗氧化性能[J].中国表面工程,2018,31(2):51-58.HUANG He,QIU Changjun,CHEN Yong,et al.High temperature oxidation resistance of magnetron sputtering and multi-arc ion plating Cr films on zirconium alloy[J].China Surface Engineering,2018,31(2):51-58.(in Chinese)

    • [14] ZHOU Z R,NAKAZAWA K,ZHU M H,et al.Progress in fretting maps[J].Tribology International,2006,39(10):1068-1073.

    • [15] LAVELLA M.Partial-gross slip fretting transition of martensitic stainless steels[J].Tribology International,2020,146:106163.

    • [16] PROUDHON H,FOUVRY S,BUFFIèRE J Y.A fretting crack initiation prediction taking into account the surface roughness and the crack nucleation process volume[J].International Journal of Fatigue,2005,27(5):569-579.

    • [17] AGHABABAEI R.Effect of adhesion on material removal during adhesive wear[J].Physical Review Materials,2019,3(6):063604.

    • [18] SVENNINGSSON I,TATAR K.On the mechanism of three-body adhesive wear in turning[J].The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2021,113(11):3457-3472.

    • [19] TUCKART W,IURMAN L,FORLERER E.Influence of microstructure on tribologically mixed layers[J].Wear,2011,271(5):792-801.

    • [20] RYNIO C,HATTENDORF H,KLöWER J,et al.The evolution of tribolayers during high temperature sliding wear[J].Wear,2014,315(1):1-10.

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 周仲荣,罗唯力,刘家浚.微动摩擦学的发展现状与趋势[J].摩擦学学报,1997(3):81-89.ZHOU Zhongrong,LUO Weili,LIU Jiajun.Recent development in fretting research[J].Tribology Journal,1997(3):81-89.(in Chinese)

    • [2] CHO K H,KIM T H,KIM S S.Fretting wear characteristics of zircaloy-4 tube[J].Wear,1998,219(1):3-7.

    • [3] KIM T H,KIM S S.Fretting wear mechanisms of Zircaloy-4 and Inconel 600 contact in air[J].KSME International Journal,2001,15(9):1274-1280.

    • [4] HU X,TERRANI K A,WIRTH B D,et al.Hydrogen permeation in FeCrAl alloys for LWR cladding application[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2015,461:282-291.

    • [5] MASSEY C P,TERRANI K A,DRYEPONDT S N,et al.Cladding burst behavior of Fe-based alloys under LOCA[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2016,470:128-138.

    • [6] 刘仕超,庞华,周毅,等.SiC 复合包壳热冲击行为分析[J].核动力工程,2022,43(3):107-112.LIU Shichao,PANG Hua,ZHOU Yi,et al.Thermal shock behavior analysis of SiC composite cladding[J].Nuclear Power Engineering,2022,43(3):107-112.(in Chinese)

    • [7] 江海霞,段泽文,马鹏翔,等.核反应堆中锆合金包壳及其表面涂层的微动磨损行为研究进展[J].摩擦学学报,2021,41(3):423-436.JIANG Haixia,DUAN Zhewen,MA Pengxiang,et al.Research progress on fretting wear behavior of fuel cladding materials in nuclear reactor[J].Tribology,2021,41(3):423-436.(in Chinese)

    • [8] 王淑祥,白书欣,朱利安,等.核燃料包壳锆合金表面铬涂层研究进展[J].表面技术,2021,50(1):221-231.WANG Shuxiang,BAI Shuxin,ZHU Lian,et al.Research progress of chromium coating on zirconium alloy for nuclear fuel cladding[J].Surface Technology,2021,50(1):221-231.(in Chinese)

    • [9] 杨红艳,陈寰,张瑞谦,等.核电耐事故锆包壳表面涂层研究进展[J].表面技术,2022,51(7):87-97.YANG Honyan,CHEN Huan,ZHANG Ruiqian,et al.Research progress of the surface coating for zirconium alloy cladding of accident tolerant fuel in nuclear power plant[J].Surface Technology,2022,51(7):87-97.(in Chinese)

    • [10] BISCHOFF J,DELAFOY C,VAUGLIN C,et al.AREVA NP's enhanced accident-tolerant fuel developments:Focus on Cr-coated M5 cladding[J].Nuclear Engineering and Technology,2018,50(2):223-228.

    • [11] CAI Z B,LI Z Y,YIN M G,et al.A review of fretting study on nuclear power equipment[J].Tribology International,2020,144:106095.

    • [12] WANG J,LI H,LI Z,et al.Effect of temperature on the fretting wear behavior of Cr-coated Zircaloy cladding in high-temperature pressurized water[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials,2023,584:154516.

    • [13] 黄鹤,邱长军,陈勇,等.锆合金表面磁控溅射与多弧离子镀Cr涂层的高温抗氧化性能[J].中国表面工程,2018,31(2):51-58.HUANG He,QIU Changjun,CHEN Yong,et al.High temperature oxidation resistance of magnetron sputtering and multi-arc ion plating Cr films on zirconium alloy[J].China Surface Engineering,2018,31(2):51-58.(in Chinese)

    • [14] ZHOU Z R,NAKAZAWA K,ZHU M H,et al.Progress in fretting maps[J].Tribology International,2006,39(10):1068-1073.

    • [15] LAVELLA M.Partial-gross slip fretting transition of martensitic stainless steels[J].Tribology International,2020,146:106163.

    • [16] PROUDHON H,FOUVRY S,BUFFIèRE J Y.A fretting crack initiation prediction taking into account the surface roughness and the crack nucleation process volume[J].International Journal of Fatigue,2005,27(5):569-579.

    • [17] AGHABABAEI R.Effect of adhesion on material removal during adhesive wear[J].Physical Review Materials,2019,3(6):063604.

    • [18] SVENNINGSSON I,TATAR K.On the mechanism of three-body adhesive wear in turning[J].The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2021,113(11):3457-3472.

    • [19] TUCKART W,IURMAN L,FORLERER E.Influence of microstructure on tribologically mixed layers[J].Wear,2011,271(5):792-801.

    • [20] RYNIO C,HATTENDORF H,KLöWER J,et al.The evolution of tribolayers during high temperature sliding wear[J].Wear,2014,315(1):1-10.

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