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0 前言
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抛光工艺一般为工件加工的最后一道工序,去除工件表面和亚表面缺陷,降低工件表面粗糙度,降低轮廓误差,产生更好的表面和亚表面质量,自由磨粒抛光工艺是实现精密、超精密加工的常用方法之一[1]。自由磨粒抛光过程中材料的去除主要依靠磨粒的机械作用,而磨粒的材料去除形式存在着两体磨粒去除和三体磨粒去除两种形式[2]。CHOI 等[3]采用亲水性固结磨粒抛光垫对模具进行了抛光研究。ZHANG 等[4]对 BK7 光学玻璃超声振动辅助抛光表面轮廓进行了建模与预测。YU 等[5]使用超声雾化液对光学玻璃镜片进行超声振动辅助抛光研究。LIU 等[6]建立了硬脆材料化学机械抛光中超声椭圆振动辅助材料去除模型。YANG 等[7]对二维超声振动辅助抛光镍基合金材料去除机理进行了研究。ZHU 等[8]对抛光技术进行了系统性总结。 ZHONG 等[9]对光学硅基板化学机械抛光工艺进行了优化。GAO 等[10]的作者对磁流变抛光过程中材料去除行为进行了试验研究。汤文龙[11]对沥青盘抛光中工件表面划痕的产生机理及控制技术进行了研究。ROSWELL 等[12]对自动抛光过程中接触应力进行了建模与分析。ZHAO 等[13]对 SiC 微圆柱面超声振动辅助抛光材料去除机理进行了研究。TAMA 等[14-15]研究了不同抛光路径对材料去除的影响。HE 等[16-17]基于分子动力学理论仿真了单晶碳化硅超声辅助振动 CMP 的纳米抛光特性。
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钛合金是工业中重要的结构材料,然而对钛合金的抛光材料去除机理的研究还比较少,对抛光磨粒数量对材料去除行为的研究更少,现有的划擦试验只能进行低速的划擦测试。因此,本文建立了多磨粒同路径划擦热-力耦合材料去除模型,研究了磨粒数量对钛合金工件抛光微观材料去除行为的影响。
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1 抛光过程分析
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目前公认自由磨粒抛光过程中主要存在机械作用、化学作用及化学-机械作用三种不同机制的材料去除作用,本文主要研究抛光过程中材料去除的机械作用,即假设抛光时工件上材料去除是由磨粒与工件表面发生划擦,工件表面发生磨损而形成的。抛光过程的材料去除率的建模一般以 Preston 模型为基础。
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式中,MRR 为材料去除率,p 为抛光垫对工件表面的正压力,v 为相对速度,k 为常数,与抛光垫材料和抛光液等有关。图1 为自由磨粒抛光示意图,图2 为不同划擦次数时自由磨粒与抛光垫和工件接触示意图,并假设球形磨粒压入工件不发生变形,磨粒与工件间只产生滑动运动,不产生转动运动,多磨粒划擦工件时为相同的路径。
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图1 自由磨粒抛光示意图
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Fig.1 Schematic diagram of free abrasive polishing
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图2 自由磨粒与抛光垫和工件接触示意图
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Fig.2 Schematic diagram of contact between free abrasive and polishing pad and workpiece
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在图1、2 中,h 为抛光垫表面相对于参考平面高度,hs 为抛光垫与工件之间的公称间隙,hmax 为表面高度最大值,λp 为磨粒压入抛光垫表面的深度, λw 为磨粒第一次划擦工件时的材料去除深度,a 为半径为 Rabr 的磨粒第一次划擦工件时的圆形区域半径,λw1 为磨粒第二次划擦工件时的材料总去除深度,a1 为半径为 Rabr 的磨粒第二次划擦工件时的圆形区域半径,λw2 为磨粒第三次划擦工件时的材料总去除深度,a2 为半径为 Rabr 的磨粒第三次划擦工件时的圆形区域半径。假设三次划擦垂直于划擦路径材料去除截面积相等(图2c 中 S1=S2=S3),由几何学可知 λw1-λw<λw,即 λw1<2λw,由几何学可知 λw2-λw1<λw1-λw,即 λw2<2λw1-λw,并代入 λw1<2λw 得到 λw2<3λw。同理分析可知,多磨粒同路径划擦时,随着磨粒数量的增加,划槽材料去除深度的增量会逐渐减小。
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2 模型建立
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本文所建立的纳米级材料去除尺度下多磨粒同路径划擦仿真模型采用有限元方法。工件材料为钛合金 TI-6Al-4V(TC4),表1 展示了钛合金 TI-6Al-4V(TC4) 材料的一些物理和热性能。磨粒材料选用金刚石磨粒材料,表2 展示了金刚石材料的一些物理和热性能。
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本文钛合金材料本构模型采用Johnson-Cook本构参数和 Johnson-Cook 失效参数,具体参数见表3。能反映应变强化、应变速率强化和温度软化作用的 Johnson-Cook 本构方程如下[15]:
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式中,σ 为流动应力,ε 为应变,为应变率,为参考应变率,Tr为参考温度,Tm为熔点温度,A、B、 C、m、n 为试验确定的材料常数。在划擦过程中,把磨粒约束为刚体,模拟划擦时候,采用磨粒运动而工件固定的方式,磨粒的划擦速度、划擦力主要是通过预先设置的参考点来实现的,由此可以模拟多磨粒以一定的划擦速度、划擦力与工件来完成划擦的。图3 为抛光过程中多磨粒同路径划擦仿真模型示意图,上侧为双磨粒,中间为单磨粒,下侧为三磨粒,微材料试样在 X、Y 和 Z 方向的尺寸分别为 3、10、3 μm(3 μm×10 μm×3 μm)。
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图3 多磨粒同路径划擦仿真模型示意图
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Fig.3 Schematic diagram of simulation model for multiple abrasive particles scratching along the same path
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由于抛光磨粒相比于磨削磨粒尺寸小,因此磨粒可以被简化为球形,模型中球形磨粒采用形状自适应六面体单元结构,工件采用常规六面体单元结构,它们均采用简化集成方法。工件与磨粒接触部分采用加密网格,可保证模型计算的稳定性的收敛性。根据传统的抛光理论模型可知,施加在单个磨粒上的法向力是固定值,因此分析是基于划擦力是恒定的假设,本文根据表4 所列参数对 TI-6Al-4V 的抛光过程进行了多磨粒划擦研究,参数都是工程抛光过程中常用的工艺参数经计算得到。
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3 结果与讨论
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3.1 材料去除深度
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初始划擦阶段材料去除深度较低,随着划擦进行,划擦温度使钛合金软化,材料去除深度逐渐加深,并达到稳定划擦阶段,划擦过后划擦区产生回弹,随着时间回弹量逐渐减小,并达到稳定划擦深度。得到不同划擦力和划擦速度下单磨粒和多磨粒划擦时划擦区形貌如图4 所示,可以看出材料平均去除深度随着划擦力增加而增加,划槽宽度随着划擦力的增加而增加,在磨粒的高速划擦过程中发现了材料间断去除现象,随着划擦速度的提高,现象越来越明显。当在相同的划擦速度下划擦力减小时,材料去除方法由连续去除变为不连续去除,当划擦力增大时,对应产生间断式去除的划擦速度同时增加,且多磨粒相对于单磨粒可以提高材料去除深度的均匀性。实际的抛光过程中的材料去除(宏观) 是大量的磨粒划擦,即宏观的材料去除是由无数多的微观沟槽叠加效应形成的。
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图4 不同划擦力和划擦速度时多磨粒划擦区形貌
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Fig.4 Morphology of multi abrasive scratch zone under different scratch forces and speeds
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得到不同划擦力和划擦速度下沿划擦路径不同磨粒数量时的截面轮廓如图5 所示。可以看出,在钛合金材料连续去除过程中,随着划擦速度的增加,材料去除深度产生周期性波动,且划擦速度会影响波动幅值和波动周期。还可以看出,在不连续材料去除过程中,随着划擦速度的增加,磨粒与材料的接触次数逐渐减少,但单次去除深度逐渐增加,且磨粒数量可以提高材料去除深度的均匀性。本文所研究的材料去除深度是单磨粒、双磨粒和三磨粒的微观材料去除深度,实际自由磨粒抛光过程中宏观材料去除深度是由微观材料去除叠加形成的宏观表现。材料不连续去除现象机理分析:当磨粒低速划擦,并达到材料最大去除深度时,工件对磨粒的法向力与划擦力相等,因此为近似定深材料去除;当磨粒高速划擦,并达到材料最大去除深度时,工件对磨粒的法向力大于划擦力,材料去除深度逐渐降低,工件对磨粒的法向力也同时减小;当法向力小于划擦力时,材料去除深度逐渐增加,并周而复始,产生波浪形的运动轨迹。
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3.2 划擦区应力场
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得到单磨粒和多磨粒划擦时划擦区 Mises 应力如图6 所示,当划擦力为 100 μN,在不同划擦速度下,沿划擦路径应力场为连续的,当划擦力为 10 μN,且划擦速度小于 50 m / s 时,沿划擦路径应力场为连续的,划擦速度大于 100 m / s 时,单磨粒沿划擦路径应力场为间断的,多磨粒沿划擦路径应力场为近似连续的,当划擦力为 1 μN 时,在不同划擦速度下,沿划擦路径应力场为间断的。应力场宽度随着划擦力的增加而增加。
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图5 不同划擦力和划擦速度时多磨粒划擦截面轮廓
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Fig.5 Cross section profile of multi abrasive scratch zone under different scratch forces and speeds
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图6 不同划擦力和划擦速度时多磨粒划擦区 Mises 应力
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Fig.6 Mises stress of multi abrasive scratch zone under different scratch forces and speeds
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得到不同划擦力和划擦速度下沿单磨粒和多磨粒划擦路径截面 Mises 应力如图7 所示。可以看出,沿划擦路径截面的最大 Mises 应力峰值分布在磨粒与工件的划擦接触区,随着划擦的进行,峰值不断迁移,划擦过后沿划擦路径截面 Mises 应力逐渐减小,并达到稳定值,稳定后的 Mises 应力值与材料去除深度呈正相关性,可以看出,划擦区应力值随着划擦力的增加而增加,磨粒数量对平均应力值影响不显著,且磨粒数量的增加可以提高划擦区应力场的均匀性。
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图7 不同划擦力和划擦速度时多磨粒划擦截面 Mises 应力
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Fig.7 Mises stress of cross section of multi abrasive scratch zone under different scratch forces and speeds
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3.3 划擦区应变场
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得到不同划擦力和划擦速度下单磨粒和多磨粒划擦时划擦区等效塑性应变(PEEQ)如图8 所示。等效塑性应变数值与工件硬度值成正相关性,因此可以通过调整加工工艺参数以控制工件表面硬度。当划擦力为 100 μN 时,沿划擦路径应变场为连续的;当划擦力为 10 μN,且划擦速度小于 50 m / s 时,沿划擦路径应变场为连续的,划擦速度大于 100 m / s 时,单磨粒沿划擦路径应变场为间断的,多磨粒沿划擦路径应变场为近似连续的;当划擦力为 1 μN,沿划擦路径应变场为间断的。
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图8 不同划擦力和划擦速度时多磨粒划擦区等效塑性应变
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Fig.8 Equivalent plastic strain of multi abrasive scratch zone under different scratch forces and speeds
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得到不同划擦力和不同划擦速度下沿单磨粒和多磨粒划擦路径截面等效塑性应变如图9 所示。可以看出沿划擦路径截面的应变分布与材料去除深度呈正相关性,应变场宽度随着划擦力的增加而增加,当划擦力 F=100 μN 时,应变值的数量级在 1×100;当划擦力 F=10 μN 时,应变值的数量级在 1×10-1;当划擦力 F=1 μN 时,应变值的数量级在 1×10-2。可以看出,划擦区应变值随着划擦力的增加而增加,随着磨粒数量的增加平均应变值同时增加,磨粒数量对平均应变值影响显著,且磨粒数量的增加可以提高划擦区应变场的均匀性。
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图9 不同划擦力和划擦速度时多磨粒划擦截面等效塑性应变
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Fig.9 Equivalent plastic strain of cross section of multi abrasive scratch zone under different scratch forces and speeds
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3.4 划擦区温度场
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单磨粒在不同划擦力和不同划擦速度下划擦区最高温度如图10 所示,结果表明划擦区的最高温度随着划擦力和划擦速度的增加而升高,划擦力和划擦速度对划擦区最高温度的影响都很显著。当 F=10 μN,v=100 m / s 时,得到单磨粒和多磨粒划擦时稳定划擦阶段沿划擦路径划擦区温度场。如图11 所示。可以看出,随着划擦的进行,划擦区温度逐渐下降,且下降速度非常快,由于划擦切削产生的热量使划擦区温度升高,划擦区最高温度在磨粒与工件的接触区,沿划擦路径划擦区温度场成“尖峰”形状,随着磨粒数量的增加,划擦区最高温度同时增加,单磨粒划擦时“尖峰”数量为 1,双磨粒划擦时“尖峰”数量为 2,三磨粒划擦时“尖峰” 数量为 3,由于后方磨粒在前方磨粒划擦温度场下进一步划擦,因此后方磨粒与工件接触区温度要高于前方磨粒。单磨粒和多磨粒划擦时稳定划擦阶段划擦区温度场与热流场如图12 所示,可以看出磨粒与工件接触区的温度场成单尾流星状,尾部朝向初始划擦位置,多磨粒划擦时温度场为单磨粒划擦温度场相互叠加形成,磨粒与工件接触区的热流场成双尾流星状,尾部朝向初始划擦位置,多磨粒划擦时热流场为单磨粒划擦热流场相互叠加形成。
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图10 单磨粒划擦区最高温度
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Fig.10 Maximum temperature of single abrasive scratch zone
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图11 划擦路径温度场
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Fig.11 Temperature field of scratch path
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图12 划擦区温度与热流
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Fig.12 Temperature and heat flux in the scratch zone
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4 结论
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(1)建立纳米级材料去除尺度下多磨粒同路径划擦热-力耦合有限元模型,研究自由磨粒抛光钛合金过程中的材料去除机理,实际抛光过程中,工件材料在相邻两次划擦路径(磨粒微观轨迹)可能的磨粒轨迹重叠率在 0~100%,选择 100%重叠率这个特例进行研究,通过这个特例研究揭示普遍性的规律。
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(2)应力场、应变场和温度场是研究抛光过程中材料去除机理的重要表征手段,开展了对这些物理场的研究,磨粒数量、划擦力和划擦速度对材料去除深度、应力场、应变场和温度场有相类似的影响规律,但同时存在着明显的差异。
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(3)磨粒高速划擦会产生类似于轴向超声抛光时磨粒的运动轨迹,磨粒数量对材料去除深度和划擦区应变场的影响显著,磨粒数量对划擦区应力场影响不显著。
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(4)研究结果可为钛合金抛光过程中磨粒数量对微观材料去除行为的影响机制提供理论参考。
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摘要
传统对自由磨粒抛光材料去除机理研究的建模方法为单磨粒划擦仿真,针对磨粒数量对材料去除行为的研究还比较少,抛光过程中材料去除机理的研究对工艺参数选择和优化意义重大。建立纳米级材料去除尺度下多磨粒同路径划擦钛合金热-力耦合有限元模型,对比分析不同抛光工艺参数下,磨粒数量对工件表面材料去除行为的变化规律,并对抛光过程中材料去除深度、应变及应力等指标进行对比分析,研究工艺参数及磨粒数量对划擦接触区物理场的影响。结果表明:磨粒低速划擦时,材料为连续式去除,磨粒高速划擦时,材料为间断式去除,多磨粒相对于单磨粒可以提高材料去除深度的均匀性。揭示了抛光微观材料去除过程中磨粒数量对材料去除行为的影响机制。
Abstract
According to the contact mode between abrasive particles and grinding tools, polishing can be divided into fixed abrasive particle polishing and free abrasive particle polishing. Free-abrasive particle polishing is the most widely used polishing method, and the study of material-removal mechanism during the polishing process is of great significance for the selection and optimization of process parameters. A coupled finite-element model was established for titanium with multiple abrasive particles and the same scratch path during nanoscale material-removal process. In the actual polishing process, the possible overlap rate of abrasive particle trajectories in the adjacent scratch paths (micro-trajectory of abrasive particles) of the workpiece material is between 0 and 100%. This special case of 100% overlap rate is selected for research, and through the study of this special case, universal rules are revealed. A comparative analysis was conducted on the effect of abrasive particle quantity on the surface material-removal behavior of workpieces under different polishing process parameters, and the depth, strain, and stress of material removal during the polishing process were compared and analyzed, in order to study the effects of process parameters and the number of abrasive particles on the physical field of the scratch contact zone. The results show that, during the abrasive material-removal process of, there are two stages: initial and stable scratching. The depth of material removal during the initial scratching stage is relatively low. As scratching progresses, the scratching heat softens the material, and the depth of material removal gradually deepens, entering the stable scratching stage. The results show that when the abrasive particles are scratched at low speeds, the material are continuously removed,while when the abrasive particles are scratched at high speeds, the material is intermittently removed. Multiple abrasive particles can improve the uniformity of material-removal depth compared to single abrasive particle. The results show that the average depth of material removal increases with the increase of scratch force, and the width of the groove increases with the increase of scratch force. Scratch speed affects the amplitude and period of the fluctuation. In the process of discontinuous material removal, as the scratch speed increases, the number of contacts between the abrasive particles and the material gradually decreases; but, the depth of single removal gradually increases. The results show that there is a positive correlation between the stress value in the scratch zone and the depth of material removal. The stress value in the scratch zone increases with the increase of scratch force, while the number of abrasive particles has no significant effect on the average stress value. The strain value in the scratch zone increases with the increase of scratch force, and the average strain value also increases with the increase of abrasive particles. The number of abrasive particles has a significant impact on the average strain value. As scratch progresses, the temperature in the scratch zone gradually decreases, and the descent speed is very fast. The highest temperature in the scratch zone increases with the increase of scratch force and scratch speed. The influence of scratch force and scratch speed on the highest temperature in the scratch zone is significant. When the abrasive particles scratch at low speed and reach the maximum material-removal depth, the normal force of the workpiece on the abrasive particles is equal to the scratch force. Therefore, it is an approximate fixed-depth, material-removal method. When the abrasive particles scratch at high speed and reach the maximum material-removal depth, the normal force of the workpiece on the abrasive particles is greater than the scratch force, and the material-removal depth gradually decreases, The normal force of the workpiece on the abrasive particles also decreases at the same time. When the normal force is less than the scratch force, the material-removal depth gradually increases and repeats, producing a wavy motion trajectory. The mechanism that the number of abrasive particles affects the material-removal behavior during the micro material removal process of polishing is revealed.
Keywords
polishing ; multiple abrasive particles ; same path ; material remove ; scratching
