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作者简介:

王志文,男,1999年出生,硕士研究生。主要研究方向为激光材料表面工程。E-mail: wangzhiwen2022022@163.com

通讯作者:

刘秀波,男,1968年出生,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。主要研究方向为材料表面工程与摩擦学、激光加工。E-mail: liuxiubosz@163.com

中图分类号:TG665;TP216

DOI:10.11933/j.issn.1007-9289.20230709001

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目录contents

    摘要

    农林机械如割草机刀片、深松铲犁铧铲尖和旋耕机松土刀片等关键运动部件在使用中,受到长期严重的磨损、腐蚀和冲击等而导致失效,阻碍其进一步发展。表面改性技术应用潜力巨大,但针对农林机械的研究进展尚缺乏系统综述。阐述农林机械使用工况及其关键运动部件在服役过程中的失效原因,重点概述四种表面技术(热喷涂、喷焊、堆焊、激光熔覆)的优缺点及其在农林机械上的应用示例,提炼出针对不同工况表面技术的选择依据。通过对四种表面技术的特点和适用场合的归纳总结,激光熔覆作为一种新型的金属表面功能涂层制造技术,具有较高效率、高强度冶金结合和较高性价比,在提高农林机械关键运动部件耐磨性能上的应用具有较大前景。综述相关研究现状指出现有研究的不足及未来研究的展开方向,可为表面技术提高农林机械关键运动部件耐磨性提供全面理论依据。

    Abstract

    Owing to the enormous amount of work performed and harsh working conditions of agricultural and forestry machinery, many critical moving parts are subjected to long-term overloads, which results in reduced service life and hinders the further development of agricultural and forestry machinery. Therefore, reducing the wear and tear of key moving parts is of great practical importance in agroforestry production. Surface modification technology has become an important method for improving the wear resistance of key moving parts of agricultural and forestry machinery. The surface modification technology is adaptable, easy to operate, and inexpensive. Surface technologies, such as thermal spraying, built-up welding, spray welding, and laser cladding, can improve the wear resistance of key moving parts of agricultural and forestry machinery. This increases the efficiency and reduces the intensity of agricultural and forestry machinery work. Thermal spraying technology has unique characteristics such as lightweight equipment, process flexibility, easy operation, short machinery-repair time, higher adaptability, controllable coating thickness, and suitability for a wide range of base materials. Built-up welding technology offers several advantages, including high bonding strength between the fused cladding and the substrate, good impact resistance, cladding composition, and coating thickness, which can be adjusted from 2 to 30 mm. Moreover, it imparts properties that can be easily adapted to suit a variety of situations. Spray-welding technology involves preheating the alloy powder coating on the surface and subsequently heating it to 1000–1300 ℃. The borides and silicides produced in the coating formed good bonds with the substrate surface and between the particles. The final formation was a compact and crystalline metallic structure that formed a metallurgical bond with a substrate of approximately 0.05 to 0.1 mm. The fused coating exhibited excellent impact, abrasion, and corrosion resistance. Laser cladding is a recent technology used for manufacturing functional coatings on metal surfaces, and has high cladding efficiency, good flatness of the coating, and low overall cost. The advantages of laser cladding include the metallurgical bond between the substrate and coating, high melting efficiency, rapid cooling, high powder utilization rate, flat molten cladding, a wider selection of materials for cladding, and selective localized repair. This study outlines the working conditions and wear mechanisms of agricultural and forestry machinery. The application of four surface modification techniques—thermal spraying, spray welding, cladding, and laser cladding—to key moving parts of agricultural and forestry machinery and the advantages and disadvantages of each surface modification method are summarized. Based on this, the status of research on ground technology for agricultural and forestry machinery is presented. Finally, key scientific issues and challenges in the current research are summarized, and future research directions are discussed.

  • 0 前言

  • 农林装备是农业和林业高质量发展的基础和保障,是不断提高土地产出率、劳动生产率及资源利用率的重要方法和支撑。随着科学与技术的进步,我国农林机械设备发展迅速,特别是在竹工机械、园林绿化和病虫害防治等方面都有极大的突破[1-3]。但农林机械关键运动部件在运行时,会不可避免地产生碰撞与磨损,导致部件尺寸、形状和表面质量等发生变化,从而影响使用精度。尤其长期在复杂环境中使用,其零部件更易被磨损、氧化和腐蚀,甚至发生损坏。这令机械设备的工作效率、使用寿命、可靠性和安全性受到极大的影响[4]。据研究表明,一般机械设备的大部分零件失效报废是由于磨损导致的,极大地影响了机器的工作效率,严重降低了设备的可靠性,甚至提前报废。机械磨损不仅会造成巨大的经济损失,而且还易引发重大事故,因此提高其耐磨性对机械设备具有重要的意义[5]。目前许多研究人员通过采用表面技术,对农林机械关键运动零件进行表面修复和强化,提高其使用性能,延长寿命,增加其安全可靠性。

  • 目前,有多种表面技术应用在提高农林机械关键运动部件的耐磨性和减摩性等摩擦学性能上。提高农林机械关键运动零部件耐磨性的手段,大多数是增强其材料的性能或采用表面技术在其表面上制备摩擦学性能优异的合金涂层。目前常用的表面技术有热喷涂、喷焊、堆焊和激光熔覆等。采用表面技术对农林机械关键运动零部件表面进行强化,对提高其耐磨性、节约农业生产资源和林业机械作业成本等有重要的现实意义[6-7]

  • 本文主要综述了农林机械的使用工况及农林机械关键运动部件的磨损类型及磨损机理,重点概述了四种表面技术(热喷涂、喷焊、堆焊、激光熔覆) 的优缺点及其在农林机械上的应用,提炼出针对不同工况表面技术的选择依据。最后总结了目前采用表面技术提高农林机械摩擦学性能研究工作中取得的进展、存在的难题与挑战,对不同表面技术提高农林机械关键运动零部件摩擦学性能的前景与未来研究方向进行了展望。

  • 1 农林机械的工况及工作失效机制

  • 1.1 农林机械的服役环境

  • 农业机械在使用过程中常由环境影响、机械质量等问题导致其关键运动部件过度磨损,因此农业机械设备制造需要质量更高的材料以应对不同的工况[8],如犁铧在土壤中作业时,其由犁壁和犁铧构成的犁体曲面,犁铧先切出土垡,土垡进而沿着犁壁翻转破碎,把地面上的杂草覆盖在下面,而土壤中的硬石子和沙粒对于犁铧具有较大的损伤[9]。其次,深松铲也是在土壤中作业的重要农具之一,其作用是在土地开挖时切开土体,再切开深层土体破坏深层土壤,可有效整治长期翻耕或留茬形成的坚硬犁底层,造成大面积的土壤扰动,并有效提高土壤透水性和透气性。深松的土壤体积密度正好适合植物生长发育,有助于植物深扎根[10]。由于长期在土壤中作业,磨粒磨损是犁铧和深松铲等耕地农具最主要的磨损形式。图1 展示了犁铧工作环境。

  • 图1 犁铧工作环境

  • Fig.1 Ploughshare working environment

  • 林业机械大部分是在移动过程中进行露天工作的,受自然因素的制约,具有一定的区域性。林业机械在加快绿化速度、促进生态系统良性循环等方面具有重要作用[11],如割灌机是造林和抚育幼林的一种轻便的小型机械,常用于林地清理、幼林养护、次生林养护和间伐、灌丛割草和走道割草[12]。割灌机的刀片是其关键运动部件,因其刀片的磨损失效极大影响了割灌机的工作效率,刀片的损坏原因主要是刀片在切割过程中碰到坚硬的土块或石头,导致刀片磨损变形或断裂。除此之外,林业机械服役过程中还会受到外界因素的影响,尤其会直接降低机器使用寿命和工作效率的自然环境因素,如寒冷、酷暑、潮湿、干旱、雨雪、灰尘、风、泥土等。因此,在使用和维护机械的过程中,应充分考虑当地的自然环境因素,因地制宜地选择适合林业作业的机械。如果在林业生产推进的过程中强行使用,容易增加机械设备的损坏率,从而影响实际作业效率。如图2 所示,展示了割灌机工作环境。

  • 图2 割灌机工作环境

  • Fig.2 Working environment of irrigation cutter

  • 农林机械大部分是在露天环境下进行工作的,在服役工况和自然环境的影响下,对其关键运动零部件具有巨大的损害。由于农林机械的工作环境不同,机械关键运动零件受到的磨损类型也不同,如犁铧和旋耕机的刀片。深松铲等耕地机械设备的主要磨损类型是磨粒磨损,如水泵,灌溉机等灌溉机械主要的磨损类型是腐蚀磨损。因此,只有分析其在工作时所受的磨损类型,才能采用最有效的表面技术提高其摩擦学性能,并延长其使用寿命。

  • 1.2 农林机械的磨损类型及磨损机理

  • 农林机械关键运动部件的磨损类型包括磨粒磨损、粘着磨损和腐蚀磨损等,其中主要是磨粒磨损[13-15]。以下讲述几种常见农林机械关键运动部件的磨损类型及磨损机理。

  • 1.2.1 磨粒磨损

  • 通常条件下,会有很小的硬质磨料附着在农林机械关键运动部件表面上,而这些较小的硬质磨料会对表面造成损伤,称作磨粒磨损。耕作工具的磨料磨损是世界各地面临的主要问题。土壤中的硬质矿物颗粒会导致农林机械关键运动零部件的严重磨损和损坏[16]。当运动开始时,硬度较低的表面中的材料会通过“小规模开沟”“小规模切割”“微疲劳” “小型化规模裂纹”的冲击被排出。因此,表面形成凹口和划痕,如农业耕作机械关键运动部件犁桦、耙片等受到土壤磨粒磨损的主要特征是显微擦伤 (犁皱)。这种犁皱没有一定的方向性,但常出现个别比较明显的刻痕,这些交叉的刻痕经过反复的作用,造成材料的逐步剥落而破坏。

  • 磨粒磨损可能是高应力三体磨损(图3)、低应力两体磨损(图4)、三体低应力磨损[17]。磨粒磨损是由在接触的一个或两个表面中嵌入的硬颗粒(硬度 H)的存在而引起的。沿着这些路线,有以下两种力在发挥作用。

  • 图3 高应力磨削磨损[20]

  • Fig.3 High-stress grinding abrasions[20]

  • (1)垂直于接触表面作用的法向载荷 P(即土壤颗粒和耕作工具)。

  • (2)由机器施加的动力(该动力产生法向载荷 P 并导致相对运动)。

  • 图4 低应力磨料磨损[20]

  • Fig.4 Low stress abrasive wear[20]

  • 考虑单个土壤颗粒 N 与耕作工具接触的法向载荷 P、硬度 Hn 和滑动距离 Ln,单个土壤颗粒的磨损体积 Vn表示为[18]

  • Vn=kPLnHn
    (1)
  • V 可以表示为

  • (2)
  • (3)
  • 表示为 V 的总磨损体积可以表示为

  • V=kPLH
    (4)
  • 式中,k 表示磨损系数,一方面表示几何形状和材料性能的影响,另一方面表示滑动速度和润滑条件等其他因素的影响。

  • 伴随的影响如下:

  • (1)硬度较低的表面甚至两个表面可能发生加工硬化。

  • (2)在发生粘附作用时可能导致两种材料硬度较低的一方发生塑性变形。

  • (3)两个表面较不耐磨的一方可能发生颗粒位移。

  • (4)粗糙材料的缺口可能因犁沟作用变得较软。

  • 由式(4)可知,减小接触载荷 P,减小滑动距离 L,通过去除接触表面的硬颗粒,减小接触表面粗糙度来减小 k 值,可以使磨损率达到最小。

  • 总之,如果要保持机器的功能,解决这些问题的难度在很大程度上是不可想象的。但通过材料选择、热处理、表面改性、复合材料和增材制造[19]的方法来提高硬度(H)将是解决(磨料)磨损问题的最佳且最简单的方法。

  • 1.2.2 粘着磨损

  • 粘着磨损的主要特征是材料的转移和被转移材料的排出。这种转移是由材料特性和材料之间的粘着强度控制的。而转移材料的移除取决于滑动条件,如图5 所示。根据 Archard 磨损公式,粘着磨损率 W 可以由等下式表示。

  • W=KPH
    (5)
  • 式中,P 为法向载荷,H 为较软材料硬度,K 为磨损系数。K 表示每次接触产生磨损碎片的可能性,接触材料的相互溶解度越高,K 值越高。

  • 图5 发生粘着磨损导致材料转移[18]

  • Fig.5 Occurrence of adhesive wear results in transfer of material[18]

  • 为了增强耐磨性,必须提高接触材料的力学性能,如强度和硬度;选择适当的材料或表面改性将降低粘附及其磨损的结果;设计的表面改性工艺将提高表面硬度,并减少接触表面之间粘附的机会。当两个零件的配合间隙过大或过小、负荷过大时,油膜无法形成,零件表面金属会摩擦产生的巨大热量熔化,使零件表面呈现大面积的不规则剥落,最后造成零件之间互相咬死,如活塞粘缸及烧瓦抱轴等,都属于粘着磨损。

  • 1.2.3 腐蚀磨损

  • 腐蚀磨损是在摩擦力和环境因素的共同作用下,机械磨损和化学腐蚀共同发生,导致摩擦表面损伤的一个过程。农林机械的腐蚀与设备的材料和微观结构特性相关,而这些设备在使用期间通常暴露于流体中,如农业土壤或空气中的酸、碱和水。如果用低碳钢制造的农林机械,低碳钢中的金属离子在阳极区域进入溶液,其数量与阴极区域的化学反应成正比,这增加了其对局部腐蚀攻击的高度脆性。而在酸性介质中,反应从阳极区迅速持续发生,导致钢表面退化。这些类型的腐蚀通常被描述为缝隙腐蚀、点蚀或均匀腐蚀[21]。通常摩擦副与周围环境物质之间发生化学反应形成腐蚀产物,在摩擦运动和腐蚀产物的共同作用下材料发生剥落,摩擦接触表面形成新的表面,并继续与周围的物质反应。在此循环的过程中,接触表面材料剥落,而剥落下来的材料成为磨料,磨粒磨损将会发生。农林机械数量大范围广,工作条件差,腐蚀因素复杂。不仅是大气腐蚀,还有农业用水、热湿腐蚀、化肥、农药腐蚀的作用。农林机械关键运动部件在工作时经常暴露在潮湿空气、灰尘和污垢中,从而产生腐蚀。腐蚀会使表面状况恶化,导致零件逐渐失效。

  • 表1 总结了农林机械类型、机械设备、主要用途、工况,以及适用的表面技术。

  • 表1 根据农业机械的类型和工况以及不同的工况给予不同的表面处理方法[22-27]

  • Table1 Different surface treatment methods according to the type and working conditions of agricultural machinery and different working conditions[22-27]

  • 2 表面技术提高农林机械的摩擦学性能

  • 正如以上所描述的,在解决农林机械关键运动零部件由不同环境发生的磨损导致机械设备失效的问题时,表面技术的选用应结合每种表面技术的特点,如表面技术中堆焊技术又分为等离子堆焊和等离子熔覆,两者极为相似,最大的不同是,堆焊可以采用焊条或自熔性粉末作为熔融材料,而熔覆只能采用自熔性合金粉末。堆焊或熔覆都是在基体上制备合金涂层,基材稀释率低,而熔覆速度高,用于零件的制造和维修。喷焊主要是在表面较薄或不适合堆焊和熔覆时使用。喷焊和热喷涂也不相似,涂层和基体的结合方式、加热条件、喷涂材料及承载能力都不同。应用于农林机械领域的表面技术目前主要有热喷涂、喷焊、堆焊和激光熔覆等。表2 列示了各种表面技术的优缺点及农林机械关键运动部件应用示例。

  • 表2 各种表面改性技术优缺点及农林机械应用示例[28-35]

  • Table2 Advantages and disadvantages of various surface modification technologies and examples of agricultural and forestry machinery applications[28-35]

  • 2.1 热喷涂技术

  • 热喷涂是加热使材料至半熔化或熔化,并在一定的速度下,喷射并在基材表面上沉积形成涂层的技术[36],图6 为热喷涂技术原理图。在很多行业中应用热喷涂技术,主要起修复和防腐蚀作用。热喷涂技术的热影响区很大,更适合应用于大型模具[37]。喷涂设备由于成本相比其他表面技术较低,操作方便,且经济效益不错[38],所以也被广泛使用。

  • 图6 热喷涂技术原理图[39]

  • Fig.6 Schematic diagram of thermal spraying technology[39]

  • 目前主要的农业和林业整地机具有铧式犁、钉齿和圆盘耙等,其犁铧在土壤、砂石中经长时间的摩擦,受磨粒磨损导致关键运动零部件失效。我国普遍采用 65Mn、65SiMnRe 钢犁铧,也使用少量球墨铸铁犁铧。国内外采取了很多抗磨损的方法使犁铧表面的耐磨性和硬度得到提高[40]。圆盘耙主要作用在犁耕之后的平地和碎土,其耙片长时间与硬质土壤颗粒摩擦发生严重的磨粒磨损。贾小艳等[41]用氧乙炔喷焊,对农业机械主要磨损件用 G314 铁基合金+25%WC+0.5%处理的犁,结果表明,与未采用喷焊工艺处理的情况相比,使用寿命提高 3~5 倍,不仅节省了大量的人力、物力,而且提高了生产效率。此外,黄瑞峰等[42]Al2O3+Ni 基自熔性合金粉末当作材料,在耙片上采用粉末火焰喷焊工艺制备耐磨涂层,提高了耙片寿命。

  • 旋耕机是农业的一种整地机械,广泛用于节省时间、人力和燃料。在复杂的磨蚀环境下,旋耕机刀片经受极端的表面磨损。KANG 等[43]研究了三种不同热喷涂涂层的耐磨性(即 Stellite21、WC-Co-Cr 和 Cr3C2-NiCr)的共沉积。不同涂层的耐磨性由高到低依次为 WC-Co-Cr、Cr3C2-NiCr、Stellite21 和基体钢。由此可见,采用相同的表面技术得到的涂层的耐磨性不相同,但所得到涂层的耐磨性均比基体高,图7 和 8 显示了滑动距离的函数的涂层的比滑动磨损和涂层的累积磨损损失。除此之外,与 KANG 不同的是 KAROONBOONYANAN 等[44]在碳钢旋耕机叶片上研究比较了两种不同的热喷涂技术及其涂层,即超音速火焰喷涂 WC / Co 和等离子喷涂 Al2O3-TiO2 / Ni-Al,在收获后的 3.2 hm2 (公顷)甘蔗田上进行测试。测试后,叶片显示出不同程度的磨损,如图9 所示。试验结果表明,未涂覆的刀片的磨损率显著高于涂覆 WC / Co 刀片的磨损率,表明涂层提供的磨损保护有很大的作用。

  • 图7 滑动磨损试验中涂层和 EN-14 B 的比滑动磨损率[43]

  • Fig.7 Specific sliding wear rate of coatings and EN-14B during the sliding wear test[43]

  • 图8 涂层与 EN-14B(高强度钢)相比的累积体积磨损[43]

  • Fig.8 Cumulative volumes wear loss of coatings in comparison with EN-14B (high tensile steel) [43]

  • 图9 田间试验后的叶片示例[44]

  • Fig.9 Examples of the blades after field test[44]

  • 通过以上研究可以看出,不同喷涂粉末的不同配比分数对喷涂部件的表面喷涂层性能的影响很大,只有选择合适的粉末配比才能得到摩擦学性能优异的涂层。热喷涂技术将基材和涂层结合在一起,但不影响材料在基体中的化学性能,且具有装备轻便、适用性强、对工件外观影响小等优点。使用热喷涂技术,基体和涂层没有很好地结合在一起,极易在作业过程中发生涂层脱落,且由于农林机械零部件失效形式的大多失效状况由磨损、腐蚀造成。因此,使用热喷涂技术增强农林机械关键运动零部件不适合频繁受到碰撞的机械设备。为解决这一问题,热喷涂技术应加强开发新型喷涂材料,使涂层与基体材料更好地结合在一起。

  • 2.2 喷焊技术

  • 喷焊技术就是将预热好的自熔合金粉末先进行喷涂或放置在基体表面上,然后在基材不融化的前提下,将基材表面上的自熔性合金粉末湿润基材表面,最后完全熔化到基材上形成冶金结合,得到了所需的致密喷焊层[45],图10 为喷焊系统原理图。

  • 图10 喷焊系统原理图[46]

  • Fig.10 Schematic diagram of the spray welding system[46]

  • 喷焊技术多数被应用于受热应力和磨损破坏的零件。韩照坤等[47]为解决深松铲使用寿命短、故障频繁的问题,采用火焰喷涂技术涂覆 Ni60-50WC 的普通碳钢 Q235。与原深松铲(65Mn)进行了耐磨性比较。结果表明,经过喷焊技术处理过的深松铲比未处理过的耐磨性要好,摩擦因数也更低,使用寿命大大提高了。图11 为喷焊前后深松铲形貌对比图,图11a 与图11b 相比,图11b 图中基本看不到贯穿图的磨痕,因为喷焊涂层中有许多硬质相,而图11a 中的磨痕很深很密集,因此处理后的深松铲耐磨性得到了极大的提高。ZHAO 等[48]采用火焰喷焊工艺在 45 号钢基材上制备了铁铬镍合金涂层。在喷焊涂层、未喷焊涂层和 65Mn 深松铲铲尖之间进行了对比试验。喷焊涂层的平均磨损损失约为 0.30 g,未喷焊涂层的平均磨损损失约为 0.35 g, 65Mn 深松铲叶尖的平均磨损损耗约为 0.50 g,约为喷焊涂层的 2 倍。喷焊涂层具有良好的耐磨性。喷焊工艺成本低,效率高,方便、灵活,可满足深土铲表面加固的需要和实际应用。为解决秸秆切碎机刀具价格高、寿命短的问题,LI 等[49]采用火焰喷焊 Ni-WC 合金的方法在 45 钢基体上制备耐磨涂层,采用火焰喷焊 Ni-WC 合金涂层技术对灭茬机刀具进行强化。研究表明最优工艺参数如下:涂层匹配: Ni60+35%WC;温度预热 450℃;乙炔流量 1 kL / h; 喷涂距离 40 mm。WC 成分不同、喷涂工艺不同,涂层的耐磨性也不同。

  • 图11 深松铲表面形貌[47]

  • Fig.11 Surface morphology of deep loose shovel[47]

  • 以上研究表明,喷焊技术在农林机械领域中应用前景十分广阔。应用这种技术可以大幅度提高农机刀片的质量和使用寿命。采用喷焊技术制成的涂层具有基体与涂层结合力强、涂层气孔率低、气孔率高等优点。与热喷涂技术相比,喷焊技术具有稀释率低、与基体结合强度高和增强层致密等优点[50]。它由于硬度高,形状简单,常用于大型零件。由于喷焊技术易造成粗糙不平的堆焊层表面、咬边及塌陷等现象,所以在喷焊时要有较高的技术,这些不足限制了喷焊技术的发展[51]

  • 2.3 堆焊技术

  • 堆焊技术就是先把使用的材料加热熔化,再使用焊接方式使材料在基材的表面上生成一层耐磨、耐蚀涂层。表面堆焊的作用是修复和强化,堆焊技术具有价格低、周期短和维修方便等优点[52-53],图12 为等离子堆焊原理图。

  • 农林机械关键零部件因磨损减短了使用寿命,对农林生产成本影响较大,阻碍了农林机械化的发展。例如,割草机、深松铲工作过程中磨损严重,导致其消耗量逐年增大,采用堆焊技术可以在其表面制备耐磨性高的涂层,且涂层与基体结合牢固,已逐步成为提高农林机械关键零部件耐磨性的重要方法之一。

  • 图12 等离子堆焊原理图

  • Fig.12 Schematic of plasma built-up welding

  • 割草机刀片由于可使用寿命短、可靠性差、替换不便,不能满足长期高效率工作的要求。张校珩[54]通过等离子堆焊技术在 65Mn 割草刀片的梯形槽上通过以 Fe19 粉为主要材料制备 Fe-Cr 合金涂层,并采用微热处理。与常见的 65Mn 切割刀片相比,使用寿命提高了近 3 倍,耐磨性极佳。图13 显示了利用金相显微镜不同放大倍数观察 Fe19 堆焊层的组织形貌,直观上可以清楚地看到堆焊层的组织细密并且分布均匀。堆焊层的组织形状为规则的长条形、四边形和六边形,堆焊层中由初生碳化物硬质相、硼化物硬质相以及共晶成分的基体组成。胡军等[55]试验研究了深松铲尖,虽然机具与张校珩不同,但均采用堆焊技术,生产出一种铁基合金粉末。使用等离子堆焊技术在深松铲尖端表面上生成碳化铬晶粒-碳铁铬涂层。与基体相比,表层平均硬度提高 5~10 倍,耐磨性提高 1.7 倍。

  • 图13 不同放大倍数 Fe19 堆焊层的组织形貌[54]

  • Fig.13 Morphology of Fe19 overweld layer at different magnification[54]

  • 董升涛等[56]在深松铲铲头上采用等离子堆焊技术制备 Fe 基-WC 复合涂层,提高其耐磨性,延长其使用寿命,耐磨性和表面硬度在添加 40%的碳化钨时最强。李响[57]对深松铲等离子熔覆铁基合金涂层耐磨性能研究,在 Q235 钢材质的国产深松铲上采用最优工艺参数制备 Fe-Cr-C 系等离子熔覆涂层,结果表明,经等离子熔覆后的深松铲试件,显微硬度提高了约 3 倍。经等离子熔覆强化的深松铲试件,其耐磨性与基体试件对比提高了 1.86 倍,等离子熔覆显著提高了 Q235 深松铲的耐磨性能。韩照坤[58]研究应用等离子熔覆工艺,结果表明,熔覆层与基体之间具有很好的结合强度,显微硬度约为基体显微硬度的 4 倍等离子熔覆工艺处理后的熔覆层表现出良好的耐磨性。深松铲的耐磨性是处理前的 2 倍左右,使用寿命得到了显著提高。

  • 从以上研究可以看出,等离子堆焊是提高农林机械刀片性能的重要技术之一,能够有效延长刀片寿命,提高刀片性能和成本效益。堆焊技术技术应用成熟、操作简便,是提高农林机械零部件耐磨性的常用技术。但堆焊技术产生的热影响区较大,工件易发生变形,且无法应用在薄壁、具有空间曲面的零件上。因此,对农林机械零部件的形状和厚度有一定要求,处理的零部件部位均为平面结构,导致无法推广堆焊技术的应用。除此之外,堆焊对比热喷焊的强处是堆焊技术的熔覆效率较高,但稀释率比热喷焊大得多。

  • 2.4 激光熔覆技术

  • 提高农林机械零部件和摩擦单元的使用寿命是一项紧迫的任务,传统的结构材料和热处理技术在大多数情况下,在耐磨性方面不如使用集中能源的新硬化技术和涂层,激光熔覆是一种对环境友好的工艺[59]。在激光熔覆技术中,使用高能激光束使粉末快速熔化和凝固,涂层材料与表面形成良好的冶金结合。制备的涂层的稀释率很低[60-64],利用激光熔覆技术生产的农林机械零部件有好的韧性和较高的耐磨性[65]

  • 65 Mn 和 Q235 钢是我国制造农林机械的材料,多数研究以此为基材,在其表面上采用激光熔覆技术制备铁基合金耐磨涂层,涂层的硬度及耐磨性得到极大的提高[66-67]。国外利用激光熔覆技术得到耐磨性高的的农林机具[68]。随着发达国家机械化水平的提升,激光熔覆技术在农林业领域上的应用得到飞速发展,激光熔覆技术在我国正处于高速发展的时期。激光熔覆技术熔覆层的组织比较密、工件表面平整、优异的操作过程,能够有效降低因传统方法造成的开裂、工件变形等不足[69-70]。如图14a~14b 所示,通过高能量密度的激光束将成分和性能不同的预置合金粉末在最短的时间内熔化到基体的表面,从而形成与基体表面成分和性能完全不同的合金层快速凝固这一过程。图14d 展示了熔覆层与基体表面截面宏图。目前我国激光加工技术在农林机械中的适用范围不广,主要有该技术设备费用比较昂贵并需要严苛的环境进行试验等原因[71-73]。应用在农林机具上最为常见的一种复合材料是铁基合金涂层,在基材上制备涂层,涂层的平均硬度是基体材料的 2~3 倍,熔覆层在各个方面的性能都优于基体[74]

  • 图14 激光熔覆技术[75-77]

  • Fig.14 Lase cladding technology[75-77]

  • 针对割草机刀片既薄又易变形的缺陷和抗磨损要求,进行了激光熔覆技术表面热处理研究。叶鹏云[78]研究 Ni35B、TiC、WC 镍基合金涂层采用激光熔覆技术在刀片表面的制备。结果表明,在激光熔覆后基体表面的平均显微硬度是原基体的 2.6 倍左右。添加质量分数为 30%的 TiC,再经过 1 h 的磨损试验,磨损量仅为 0.4 mg。由此可知激光熔覆合金涂层能极大地延长了其使用寿命。深松铲的前部是农业作业的主体部分,在作业过程中,深松铲的铲尖会与土壤、沙子、植物根系产生强烈的摩擦磨损和较强的冲击力,因此深铲的铲尖会很快折断,这不仅会影响作业效率和效果,也会造成一定的经济损失。LI 等[79]为了提高深松铲表面复合涂层的质量和耐磨性,采用激光熔覆技术在 65Mn 基体上制备了以 WC 和 TiC 为增强相的 Ni62 复合涂层。复合镀层的显微硬度随复合相含量的增加先增大后减小。当复合相含量为 20 wt.%时,显微硬度达到 1 000 HV1,是基体的 3 倍。

  • 旋耕机是一种被拖拉机拖着,由拖拉机的带动完成耕、耙作业的机械。由于它破坏土壤能力强,犁耕后可使土表平整,因而被广泛使用;同时,它还能切割和破碎埋在地表以下的农作物,使播种过程顺利进行,最终为春季种植提供合适的种床。旋耕机刀片是旋耕机的重要工作部件,其工作性能的好坏,使用寿命直接影响旋耕机的工作质量[80]。田永财等[35]采用激光熔覆技术对 65Mn 钢材质的国产旋耕刀进行表面强化处理,在其刀刃处用 Fe60 铁基自熔性合金粉末熔覆处理。田间试验表明,经过优化工艺处理后的旋耕刀降低了工作成本,耐磨粒磨损性能和使用寿命显著提高。陈卓君等[81]用激光强化的方式对 65Mn 旋耕刀表面进行强化处理并进行了工艺参数的优化研究,结果表明试样表面经激光表面淬火强化后组织显著细化,显微硬度明显提高。经过最佳工艺参数处理后的 65Mn 钢农机刀具的使用寿命平均增加了 300 h 以上。

  • 在农业领域向可持续发展过渡的过程中,确保农业机械功能的耐久性是一个迫切需要解决的问题。 BARTKOWSKI 等[82]制备复合涂层以增加农业工具的耐久性。在 B27 硼钢上制备了涂层,这种钢种最常用于生产土壤耕作工具。采用两种方法对农具进行耐久性试验。测量质量损失是第一种方法,而使用 GOM ATOS II 光学扫描仪测量工具形状是第二种方法。研究发现,Stellite-6 / WC 涂层有助于增加用于土壤耕作的农业工具的耐久性。采用激光熔覆技术制备的 Stellite-6 / WC 基复合材料涂层在极端土壤条件下具有良好的耐磨性。结果表明,生产农用工具的复合涂层可以增加其耐用性,并延长其使用周期,在 Stellite-6 基体中加入 WC 颗粒可提高显微硬度和耐磨性。

  • 由以上研究可以看出,激光熔覆技术在经过最佳工艺参数处理后或者添加不同的颗粒,可以大幅度提高农林机械关键运动零部件耐磨性能。而激光熔覆技术的特点是基材变形小、可实现自动化,机械零部件在经过激光熔覆技术强化后的强度是原强度的 90%以上。由于大部分农林机械的零部件具有空间曲面结构,如旋耕刀表面、犁体曲面等,常用的堆焊方法热区影响大,使得薄壁部件易发生变形,甚至击穿部件,造成部件不能成型。热喷涂技术没有零部件尺寸的制约,但喷涂射流、弧光、等对人体及设备均有较大伤害。根据所查文献,激光加工技术在农林机械制造中的应用在我国尚不普遍。若能把激光熔覆技术的优点在农林机械零部件上得以应用,具有良好的发展前景。

  • 3 结论与展望

  • 通过对农林机械关键运动部件的工作状况,磨损机制,以及四种表面改性技术提高农林机械关键运动部件耐磨性能的综合论述,得到以下结论:

  • (1)我国目前的农林机械装备和农林机械化水平与已实现农业机械化的发达国家相比仍有不小的差距,各种耐磨材料和表面技术在农林机械关键运动零部件上的应用还处于初级阶段。

  • (2)随着农林机械的发展,农林机械关键运动部件的耐磨性不足已成为制约其普遍推广应用的重要因素。采用热喷涂、喷焊、堆焊、激光熔覆等表面技术提高农林机械关键运动部件的耐磨性,提高农林机械的工作效率,减轻工作强度,改善工作环境。推动农林装备走向高端化。

  • (3)我国农村的土地大部分是小块不连续的,且大部分农村不适合高度的农业机械化。而农村劳动力价格相对较低,机器更换等作业并不会造成劳动力的浪费。相比于国外来说,采用热喷涂、喷焊、表面堆焊和激光熔覆等表面技术提高农林机械零部件的性能,更适合我国农业现状。

  • 每种表面改性方法对农林机械关键运动部件都有不同的优缺点,据此分别对其未来研究方向进行展望:

  • (1)热喷涂技术走过了近 100 年的发展历程,在喷涂材料、工艺及设备等方面均取得了长足的进步,面对日益增长的工业需求,该技术一定会继续发展下去。热喷涂技术涂层和基体结合强度低,在农林机械高强度工作下涂层极易发生脱落。因此,研究制备具有高附着强度、气孔少的热喷涂涂层,且适合农林机械的工况需求是该技术未来研究的重点。

  • (2)等离子弧热喷焊技术是一种具有发展前景的表面强化技术,喷焊技术在农林业机械领域中的应用前景也十分广阔。随着工业发展,对机械产品的寿命和新材料的制备都提出了更高的要求。喷焊过程中所应用到的合金粉末价格相对较高,且喷焊技术易造成粗糙不平的涂层表面、咬边及塌陷等现象,所以在喷焊时要有较高的操作技术。这些不足限制了喷焊技术的发展。因此,在今后的农林机械制造和维修中,设计性价比较高的合金粉末是今后喷焊技术的发展方向,再进一步推广和应用喷焊技术,以满足农林业生产的需要。

  • (3)堆焊是提高农林机械耐磨性的重要技术之一,由于农林机械零部件的几何构型及材质复杂化、对热加工过程材料和工艺控制、堆焊技术在农林机械上的研究和应用要更高的需求,须要进行更深入的研究。等离子堆焊行业正在不断发展,须要开发新的和改进的技术,以提供更好的结果和更高的效率。

  • (4)采用激光熔覆技术制备涂层具有涂层与基材结合强度高、涂层厚度和硬度可控、耐磨性和耐腐蚀性高等显著优势,但此技术在农林机械修复与强化的应用还存在成本高、试验环境要求苛刻等难题。在未来研发适用于农林机械修复与强化的新型复合材料粉末,在已有的材料体系上,结合农林机械的特点,设计出适合农林机械不同工况的性价比高的优质熔覆材料粉末体系。

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