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0 前言
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高熵合金是冶金领域掀起的技术风暴,以其多主组元、高构型熵的设计理念以及独特的性能而成为近年来合金材料的研究热点[1-2]。21 世纪初,叶均蔚等[3]提出“多组元高熵合金”的概念,高熵合金是由 5 种及以上等原子比或近等原子比主要元素组成,且各组元的原子分数均在 5%~35%的具有简单晶体结构的一种合金。高熵合金突破了以起关键作用的一种或两种元素为组元、用起辅助作用的其他元素进行性能修改的传统合金设计思路[4-7]。特有的高熵效应[8]、晶格畸变效应[9]、迟滞扩散效应[10]和 “鸡尾酒”效应[11],使得其具有强度高[12-13]、硬度高[9]、耐磨[14]、耐腐蚀[15]、抗高温氧化[16]等优异性能,而且在航空航天领域(包括发动机零部件、航空材料等)、能源领域(包括核能、新能源转换和储存等)、医疗器械领域(包括人工关节和骨钉、医疗设备制造等)、汽车工业领域(包括汽车零部件、汽车结构材料等)等发展迅速[17-21],具有广泛的应用前景,因此被认为是拥有较大发展潜力的新型合金[22]。
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目前,块体高熵合金[23]的制备主要采用真空电弧熔炼或真空感应熔炼,所获得的块体高熵合金内部存在铸造缺陷,如缩孔、缩松等。此外,高昂的成本极大地限制了块体高熵合金在工业上的应用和推广。为了节约成本,最经济的方法就是制备高熵合金涂层。图1 为高熵合金涂层的各种制备方法,其中最为常用的是激光熔覆法。如图2 所示,高熵合金涂层可分为三大类:金属类、陶瓷类和复合物类涂层。与高熵合金涂层相比,制备的高熵合金薄膜[24]在厚度上难以达到工业应用级别。因此,高熵合金涂层成为材料表面改性的重要手段之一,具有重要的学术研究意义。在普通金属基材表面熔覆高熵合金涂层,使其具备基体材料不具备的高强度和耐磨等性能,可长期服役于对材料摩擦磨损性能要求较为苛刻的领域。表1 展示了近些年报道的部分高熵合金涂层的组织、硬度及摩擦学特性[25-70],可以看出,这些高熵合金涂层大多具有优异的摩擦磨损性能,因此在工业领域中有着广阔的应用前景。
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(续)
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(续)
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图1 高熵合金涂层的制备方法
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Fig.1 Preparation methods of high-entropy alloy coatings
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图2 高熵合金涂层的分类
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Fig.2 Classification of high-entropy alloy coatings
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组元元素的选择是影响高熵合金涂层性能的决定性因素,由于组元与组元之间存在较强的相互作用,因此调整组元元素含量会使其组织结构和性能发生一定程度的改变[71-77],这使得了解元素的作用机理对制备耐磨性能优异的高熵合金涂层具有重要意义。图3 总结了熔覆高熵合金涂层常用的元素以及常被探究含量影响的元素频次统计结果。可以看出,Fe、Co、Cr、Ni、Cu、Mo、Nb、Al 和 Ti 等元素使用的次数较多,其中常被探究含量的元素大多为 Al、Ti 和 Cu 元素。本文介绍金属元素、非金属元素及陶瓷颗粒作为第二相掺杂对高熵合金涂层耐磨性的影响,总结该领域近些年的研究进展,并且指出目前研究所存在的问题,对其应用进行了分析与展望,以此为高熵合金涂层的未来发展奠定基础。
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图3 高熵合金体系元素添加频次统计[78]
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Fig.3 Statistics of element addition frequency in high-entropy alloy system[78]
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1 金属系元素对高熵合金涂层摩擦磨损性能的影响
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1.1 Al 元素
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Al 元素具有细化晶粒的作用,且原子半径大,容易与其他元素发生晶格畸变,可以提高涂层的硬度、抗氧化性和耐磨性。
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对于 AlxNbMn2FeMoTi0.5 高熵合金涂层,随着 Al 含量的增加,涂层的相结构由单一的 BCC 相逐渐转变为双相 BCC 结构,晶粒逐渐细化。如图4 所示,当 x=2 时,AlxNbMn2FeMoTi0.5 高熵合金涂层硬度最高,平均为 1 089.6 HV0.3,大约为基材的 5 倍,且具有最优的耐磨损性能[79]。
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高熵合金涂层 AlxCoCrFe2Ni 在 x=1.0 时具有较高的硬度和较好的耐磨性。Al 含量增加,涂层主要磨损机制为磨粒磨损,氧化磨损所占比例减小[80]。 AlxMo0.5NbFeTiMn2 涂层相组成为 BCC 固溶体和(Nb,Ti)C 碳化物。x=2 时热喷涂层的显微硬度最高,耐磨性最好。与 Q235 钢基体相比,Al 的加入使涂层的磨损表面更加光滑,体积磨损率降低[81]。对于高 Al 含量 Al2.0CoCrFeNiSi 涂层,最大显微硬度达到 1 255 HV。同时,当磨损表面光滑且碎屑最少时,摩擦因数达到其最低值 0.25。主要的磨损机理是磨料磨损,增强了涂层的耐磨性[82]。在干滑动条件下,随着 Al 元素的加入,FeCoNiCrSiAlx涂层的磨损率逐渐降低。热处理后的 FeCoNiCrSiAl1.0涂层的磨损率最低,涂层在水滑动条件下的磨损率远低于干滑动条件下的磨损率,并且受 Al 含量和热处理的影响很小[83]。吴灿等[84]从原子仿真的角度出发,采用分子动力学 (Molecular dynamics)方法研究了 AlxCoCrFeNi(x=0, 3,6,10)涂层在 Ni 基体上的摩擦性能。结果表明:所有涂层表现出良好的高温稳定性,摩擦因数随着 Al 含量增加而先减小后增大,整体波动较小,Al 元素的存在提高了涂层的硬度和脆性,但也会也导致氧化层碎裂后原子损伤的数量增加。
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图4 AlxNbMn2FeMoTi0.5高熵合金涂层的显微硬度、平均显微硬度柱状图以及磨损量柱状图[79]
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Fig.4 Microhardness diagram, histogram of average microhardness and histogram of mass loss of the AlxNbMn2FeMoTi0.5 high-entropy mass coatings[79]
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适量添加 Al 元素可以促进涂层相组织由 FCC 相到 BCC 相转变,Al 元素可以降低合金的密度,提高合金的硬度与比强度,故可作为一种理想的耐磨性元素,从而显著提高高熵合金涂层的摩擦磨损性能。
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1.2 Ti 元素
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Ti 元素能够抑制 FCC 相的形成,并促进 BCC 相的生成,其原子半径和 Al 接近,所以在合金涂层中也可以加剧晶格畸变促进固溶强化的作用,有利于提高其硬度、耐腐蚀性和耐高温性。
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对于 CoCrFeMnNiTix高熵涂层,当 Ti 的摩尔比为 0.75 时,涂层的显微硬度为 511 HV0.5,摩擦因数为 0.296,磨损量为 0.001 g 时,涂层的耐磨性最好。随着 Ti 含量的增加,涂层的磨损机制由黏着磨损和磨粒磨损转变为疲劳磨损和磨粒磨损[85]。Ti 的添加促进了 CoCrCuFeNiTix 涂层硬质相(即 Laves 相和富 Ti 相)的析出,细化了晶粒。CoCrCuFeNiTi1.5涂层磨损表面形成保护性 TiO2 层,抑制了磨粒磨损和氧化磨损,磨损率最低[86]。[(AlxTi1-x)-(FeCoNi)12](AlxTi1-x)0.5Cr2.5(x=0,0.5,1)热喷涂涂层的相结构主要由单一的 FCC 固溶体组成,随着 Ti 含量的增加,涂层中出现了 BCC 相。当 x=0 时,涂层的硬度最高(402.3 HV0.2),是 304 L 奥氏体超级不锈钢 (209.0 HV0.2)的 1.92 倍,磨损量最小(0.866 mm3)。 Ti 的加入细化了涂层的组织,促进了 BCC 相的形成,提高了涂层的硬度和耐磨性[87]。CoCrFeMnNiTix 系涂层的磨损机制随 Ti 元素的增加由黏着磨损向氧化磨损与磨粒磨损转化,CoCrFeMnNiTi0.25 涂层具有最优的耐磨性能。从图5a 可以看出,Ti0.25 涂层主要发生了黏着磨损。图5b 为 Ti0.50 涂层的磨痕形貌。其磨痕宽度显著增大,磨痕表面存在大量不连续的氧化层。从图5c 可以看出,Ti1.00 涂层的磨损机制为磨粒磨损和轻微的氧化磨损[88]。
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图5 CoCrFeMnNiTix高熵合金涂层的磨痕形貌[88]
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Fig.5 Worn morphology of CoCrFeMnNiTix high-entropy alloy coatings[88]
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1.3 Cu 元素
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添加一定量的 Cu 元素不但能够改善合金在淡水中的耐腐蚀性能,而且在碳钢中添加 Cu 元素还能够提高淬透性并降低延展性。
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在室温下,FeCoCrNiCux 涂层的摩擦因数均略高于基材,但 FeCoCrNiCu 涂层磨损率相较基材显著下降。在 600℃下含 Cu 涂层都出现了轻微的氧化磨损,但摩擦性能均有明显提升[89]。文献[57]表面明 Cu 元素的加入降低了 FeCoCrNi 涂层表面硬度。在 600℃ 下,掺杂 Cu 元素对涂层的摩擦学性能均有明显改善,磨损率相比于 FeCoCrNi 涂层降低了 56.1%。Cu 添加量增加,AlNbMoTaCux 高熵合金涂层中 BCC 结构相减少,FCC 结构相增多,涂层的韧性显著提高,显微硬度降低。AlNbMoTaCu0涂层的耐磨性比基体提高了 1.6 倍,而 AlNbMoTaCu0.4涂层表现出优异的耐磨性,几乎是基体的 22 倍。此外,随着 Cu 含量的增加,涂层的耐磨性略有下降[90]。Cu 含量增加,CoCrFeNiCux 高熵合金涂层晶粒得到细化,但由于 Cu 的析出,其整体硬度和耐磨性下降[91]。FeCoNiAl 涂层的硬度在大约 550 HV0.2,加入 Cu 后将涂层硬度提高到约 700 HV0.2,耐磨性也随之提高。如图6 和图7 所示,Cu0.4涂层表现出最低的摩擦因数和最窄的磨痕[92]。
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图6 Cux和 Ni3Al 涂层在滑动时间为 15 min 时的摩擦因数[92]
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Fig.6 Friction factor of Cux and Ni3Al coatings with a sliding time of 15 min[92]
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图7 干磨 15 min 后 Cux和 Ni3Al 涂层的表面轮廓[92]
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Fig.7 Surface profile of Cux and Ni3Al coatings after dry wear for 15 min[92]
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1.4 Co 元素
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Co 在高速钢种应用较多,主要用于提高钢材的耐热和耐磨性能,但含 Co 较多时会降低韧性,一般用于高速钢刀具。
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张立君等[93]发现 FeCrMnCoxNi 涂层由简单的 FCC 固溶体相组成,呈现出枝晶与枝晶间的结构形貌。由于涂层细小密集的微观组织,FeCrMnCo1.5Ni 合金涂层的磨损量为 8.62 mg,摩擦因数为 0.785 9,具有较好的耐磨性。当 x=1 时,AlCoxCrFeNiCu 涂层硬度达到最大值,平均硬度为 610.9 HV,摩擦因数为 0.283。Co 元素的添加提高了合金涂层的硬度和耐磨性[94]。Co 含量增加,FeCoxCrAlCu 合金涂层硬度先增加后减小,在 x=1 时合金涂层硬度达到最大,其值为 5556 MPa;合金涂层中最小的摩擦因数为 0.361[95]。AlCoxCrFeNiCu 涂层随着 Co 含量增加硬度先增加后减小,当 x=1.0 时,AlCoxCrFeNiCu 高熵合金涂层的硬度达到 562.5 HV,此时涂层的摩擦因数最小,为 0.352[96]。
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1.5 Nb 元素
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Nb 元素可提高 BCC 相的稳定性,具有分散强化的功能,并获得了良好的强度塑性组合。Nb 还能细化晶粒和降低钢的过热敏感性及回火脆性,提高其强度,但塑性和韧性有所下降。
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Nb 元素含量增加,FeCoNi2CrMnV0.5Nbx 涂层的硬度逐渐升高,摩擦因数及磨损量逐渐减小。当 x=1.2 时,涂层上部的显微硬度达到 631.1 HV,相比于母材和 FeCoNi2CrMnV0.5 高熵合金涂层硬度分别提升了 4 倍和 2 倍,耐磨损性能分别是母材和 FeCoNi2CrMnV0.5高熵合金涂层的 14.2 倍和 9 倍[97]。 AlCoCrFeMn0.5Mo0.1Nbx 涂层的磨损率低于大多数金属和金属陶瓷复合材料[98]。如图8 和图9 所示,添加 Nb 元素后,FeCoNi2CrMnV0.5Nbx 合金涂层转变为枝晶组织。枝晶为 FCC 相,枝晶间共晶组织由 FCC 相和 Laves 相组成。Nb 含量增加,涂层的耐磨性和显微硬度逐渐提高。当 x=1.2 时,涂层上部显微硬度比基体提高了 4 倍,耐磨性提高到基体的约 14.2 倍[99]。
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1.6 Mo 元素
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Mo 元素可提高钢的淬透性和热强性能,在高温时保持足够的强度和抗蠕变能力,结构钢中加入 Mo 能提高力学性能。
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在 FeCoCrNiMox涂层中,随着 Mo 含量的增加,涂层由 FCC 和 BCC 混合结构向 FCC 结构转变,硬度逐渐增大,x=1.0 时达到最大值 609.3 HV,约为基体的 2 倍,且涂层的摩擦因数和磨损率逐渐减小,耐磨性逐渐增强,x=1.0 时达到最佳,约为基体的 6.4 倍,其磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损和轻微的黏着磨损[100]。FeNiCoCrMox涂层的平均摩擦因数明显低于 316 SS 基体。Mo 含量为 0.25 时具有最低的平均摩擦因数,表现出最好的耐磨性[101]。FAN 等[102]制备了具有 BCC 结构的 VAlTiCrMo 基高熵合金涂层,通过改变 Mo 含量改善其摩擦学性能。摩擦力改变了 VAlTiCrMo1.6 涂层氧化膜中润滑相的组成,通过简单氧化物之间的摩擦化学反应,在氧化膜表面形成了以复杂氧化物 Al2(MoO4)3 为主导的润滑相。因此,VAlTiCrMo1.6涂层拥有较低的磨损率。FU 等[103] 发现Mo的加入显著提高了CoCr2FeNiMox合金的硬度和耐磨性。随着 Mo 含量的增加,合金涂层硬度增加,磨损体积、磨损率降低。当 x 增加到 0.3 时,氧化层的分层有效减少了。摩擦机制由磨粒磨损、氧化磨损和疲劳剥落转变为磨粒磨损[104]。
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图8 FeCoNi2CrMnV0.5Nbx 高熵合金涂层的 XRD 分析[99]
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Fig.8 XRD analysis of FeCoNi2CrMnV0.5Nbx high-entropy alloy coatings[99]
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图9 FeCoNi2CrMnV0.5Nb0.4和 FeCoNi2CrMnV0.5Nb0.6涂层不同位置的 SEM 图像[99]
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Fig.9 SEM images of different positions of FeCoNi2CrMnV0.5Nb0.4 and FeCoNi2CrMnV0.5Nb0.6 coatings[99]
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1.7 W 元素
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W 元素熔点极高,硬度很大。世界上开采出的钨矿,约 50%用于优质钢的冶炼,约 35%用于生产硬质钢,约 10%用于制钨丝,约 5%用于其他用途。 W 元素可显著提升合金的强度、改善合金的耐腐蚀性能、增强合金的热稳定性。在工具钢中加 W,能够显著提高其红硬性和热强性,从而可作切削工具以及锻造模具用。
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马世忠等[105]研究发现 CoCrFeNiWx 熔覆层当 x=0.8 时,具有最高的显微硬度;x=0.6 时,涂层磨损量最小。W 含量增加,涂层磨损机制由黏着磨损和磨粒磨损转变为磨粒磨损。W 的加入可以改善涂层与基材之间的润湿性,促进 μ 相的生成,大幅提高涂层硬度,改善涂层的耐磨性能。CoCrFeNiWx 涂层的硬度随着 W 含量的增加而显著提高。 CoCrFeNiW 涂层由于形成了覆盖在磨损表面的氧化层,在 600℃高温下表现出良好的耐磨性。但 WO3在氧化膜中的升华降低了其在 800℃下的磨损防护能力[70]。由于添加 W 元素后形成了富 W 的金属间化合物,AlCoCrFeNiWx涂层的高温耐磨性能提高,摩擦因数变化较大。W 元素对 BCC 固溶体的晶格畸变作用和富 W 金属间化合物的第二相强化作用对组织稳定性和耐磨性能具有有利的影响[106]。
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1.8 其它金属元素
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LI 等[107]研究发现,当 Mn 含量为 0.5 时, AlCrFeNiMnx 高熵合金涂层(x=0,0.5 和 1)获得了良好的综合力学性能,平均维氏硬度为 625 HV,平均摩擦因数值为 0.42,质量损失为 1.02 mg。 AlCoCrCuFexMnNi 涂层组织主要由树枝晶和枝晶间组织组成,其相主要为 FCC、BCC、σ 和 Al4Cu9 相。涂层的显微硬度达到 560~740 HV0.2,耐磨性约为 Q235 钢基体的 2.6~3.1 倍[108]。AlCoCrCuFeNix 高熵合金涂层随着 Ni 含量的增加,硬度先增大后减小,当 x=0.5 时,硬度达到了最高值 534.7 HV;涂层摩擦因数随着 Ni 含量的增加先减小后增大,当 x=0.5 时,合金涂层磨损率和摩擦因数均最小[109]。如表2 所示,CoCrFeNiMn 涂层由单一的 FCC 相组成,Sn 含量增加,形成了新的 MnNi2Sn 相。当 Sn 的摩尔含量为 0.2 时,CoCrFeNiMn 涂层的硬度提高了约 45%,摩擦因数降低了 0.168,磨损量降低了 16.6%。在干摩擦条件下,CoCrFeNiMn 的磨损机制为磨粒磨损、剥层磨损和少量的氧化磨损,而 CoCrFeNiMnSn0.2 的磨损机制为磨粒磨损和氧化磨损[110]。AlCoCrMoVx 涂层由 BCC 相、针状 σ 相和不规则的黑色 AlN 相组成。V 含量增加,σ 相逐渐消失。显微硬度呈先减小后增大的趋势。 AlCoCrMoV1.0 涂层具有最高的显微硬度(942.6 HV0.1),涂层的平均摩擦因数先增大后减小,但当 x=0.8 时比磨损率最低[111]。AlCrCoNiFeCTax 涂层的平均显微硬度随着 x 的增加呈现上升趋势,涂层在空气和 NaCl 溶液中的磨损率逐渐降低,且均低于基体。x=0.5 和 1.0 的涂层在 NaCl 溶液中的磨损率比在空气中的磨损率分别降低了 17%和 12%[112]。
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表2 CoCrFeNiMnSnx高熵合金涂层各相的化学成分(原子百分比)[110]
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Table2 Chemical composition of each phase of CoCrFeNiMnSnx high-entropy alloy coatings (at.%) [110]
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以上研究表明,在高熵合金涂层体系中加入金属元素,形成能够改善材料表面强韧性的组织或析出相,是一种能够获得优良耐磨涂层的有效方式。
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2 非金属系元素对高熵合金涂层摩擦磨损性能的影响
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2.1 Si 元素
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Si 在钢中的主要作用是降低过热敏感性,并提高回火稳定性。Si 在钢材中的含量在 1%的时候,能提高钢的抗拉强度、硬度和耐磨性等性能。
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AlFeCoCrNiSi 涂层比 AlFeCoCrNi 涂层具有更细的枝晶和更小的枝晶间组织。无 Si 涂层由 BCC、 Ti 相和 Al13Co4 金属化合物组成,而含 Si 涂层主要由 BCC、Ti2Ni 和 NiSi 相组成。与 TC21 基体相比,未添加和添加 Si 的 AlFeCoCrNi 涂层的显微硬度分别提高了近 2 和 3 倍,耐磨性分别提高了近 1.12 和 2.13 倍,这主要是由于含 Si 的涂层中有固溶强化、弥散强化和晶粒细化的综合作用 [113]。 AlCoCrFeNiSix高熵合金涂层由无序的Fe-Cr和有序的 Al-Ni 固溶体相组成,具有 BCC 结构。Si 含量增加,合金组织细化,晶界析出少量 Cr23C6相,涂层硬度与Si含量呈线性关系且涂层的平均摩擦因数和磨损率均降低,磨损机制由黏着磨损、磨粒磨损和分层磨损向氧化磨损转变[114]。FeCoCrNiMoSix涂层随着 Si 含量的增加导致了晶格畸变,促进富 Si 金属间化合物的形成,可以提高 FeCoCrNiMoSix涂层的硬度和耐磨性。FeCoCrNiMoSi1.0 涂层的耐磨性最好,其磨损机制为磨粒磨损和黏着磨损共同作用[115]。对于 FeCoCrNiSix高熵合金涂层,当 x=1 时涂层在 600℃下的摩擦学性能最好,平均摩擦因数和磨损率分别为 0.19 和 0.677×10−4 mm 3 /(N·m)。 Si 的添加细化了晶粒尺寸,增加了加工硬化程度,提高了涂层的耐磨性[116]。
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2.2 B、C、O 元素
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B 元素具有脱氧和排渣的功能,良好的润湿性,或可与某些金属元素结合形成硬硼化物。C 元素原子半径小,可形成间隙性固溶体,或与某些金属元素结合形成硬质碳化物。气体元素 O 与钢中某些元素形成氧化物夹杂,使钢易发生热裂和失效等现象。 CoCrFeMnNiBx 涂层的硬度和耐磨性随着 B 含量的增加而升高。当不添加 B 时,硬度仅为 192.38 HV0.2,相对耐磨性为 122.93 m/ mm3;当 x=0.8 时,合金硬度和相对耐磨性分别是未加 B 时的 3.85 和 2.19 倍。磨损机理由氧化磨损和黏着磨损转变为黏着磨损[117]。如图10 所示,随着 B 含量的增加, CoCrFeNiTiNbBx 涂层的显微硬度和耐磨性逐渐提高。当 B 含量为 1.25 时,涂层的显微硬度和质量损失分别是无 B 涂层的 1.25 倍和 0.61 倍。当 B 含量小于 1.0 时,涂层的磨损机制为黏着磨损和磨粒磨损; 当 B 含量大于等于 1.0 时,涂层的磨损机制为磨粒磨损[118]。B 含量增加,FeCoCrNiBx 涂层的硬度和耐磨性都有所提高,所有涂层的最大硬度值均达到 1 025 HV0.2左右,高于基体材料的硬度[119]。
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图10 CoCrFeNiTiNbBx高熵合金涂层硬度分布和质量损失[118]
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Fig.10 Microhardness distribution and mass loss of the CoCrFeNiTiNbBx high-entropy alloy coatings[118]
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(FeNiCoCrTi0.5)Cx 涂层的硬度远高于 45 钢, x=12 时涂层的平均硬度是基体硬度的 4 倍。此外,(FeNiCoCrTi0.5)Cx 涂层的硬度随金刚石含量的增加而增加。但与 C6 涂层相比,C12 涂层由于脆性而显示出较差的摩擦学性能[120]。有研究者发现当 x≤ 0.09 时,CoCrFeMnNiCx 熔覆层硬度由 183.20 HV 增加至 223.48 HV0.2;涂层的摩擦因数降低,耐磨性能变强;当 x 介于 0.09~0.15 时,合金耐磨性能先减弱后增强。C 含量为 0.15 时,耐磨性最强[121]。
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随着(VAlTiCrW)Ox涂层中 O 含量的增加,涂层的结构由 BCC 转变为无定形非晶结构且硬度先升高后下降。当氧流量为 10 mL / min 时,(VAlTiCrW)Ox 涂层的硬度高达 11.9 GPa,且它在 700℃下具有较低的摩擦因数;而其结合力逐渐下降,涂层变得硬而脆,不利于磨损[122]。
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由以上试验结果可知,非金属元素可通过影响合金微观组织转变,生成陶瓷相,改变层错和位错密度,来强化合金的耐磨性能。
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3 元素的复合作用对高熵合金涂层摩擦磨损性能的影响
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CHENG 等[123]发现随着 x 值的增大,即 B 含量增加,Fe25Co25Ni25(BxSi1-x)25涂层耐磨性得到增强。如图11 所示, 30 min 滑动磨损试验后, Fe25Co25Ni25(B0.5Si0.5)25 涂层的平均磨损体积为 20.1×10−3 mm 3,然而对于 Fe25Co25Ni25(B0.8Si0.2)25 涂层降低了一个数量级( 4.6×10−3 mm 3)。 Fe25Co25Ni25(B0.8Si0.2)25 涂层的相对耐磨性约为 x=0.5 涂层的 4.4 倍。Fe25Co25Ni25(B0.5Si0.5)25涂层的磨痕宽而深,磨损体积损失较大。同时,磨损表面发生了严重的塑性变形。随着 B/ Si 比的增加,磨痕变窄变浅,表明在相同的滑动磨损条件下,涂层的耐磨性提高。
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图11 FeCoNi BxSi1-x涂层的磨损体积[123]
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Fig.11 The wear volumes of the FeCoNiBxSi1-x coatings[123]
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添加 Nb 元素后,由于固溶强化和第二相强化,(CoCrNi)72−xB18Si10Nb 涂层的力学性能得到极大改善。当 Nb 含量为 8 at%时,平均显微硬度从 630 HV0.2提高到 1 000 HV0.2以上,具有较好的耐磨性。弹性极限和塑性变形抗力也得到提高[124]。图12 所示为各涂层的磨损形貌。在宏观 SEM 图像(图12a~12e,12a1~12e1)和磨痕的三维形貌图(图12a2~12e2)中均观察到明显的犁沟和少量残留的磨屑。这些表明所有涂层发生了磨粒磨损。Nb0 涂层中只含有基体结构 FCC1 和柳叶状陶瓷相 FCC2。在 Nb2 和 Nb4 涂层中,FCC1 和 FCC2 仍然是主要的相,因此磨痕形貌与 Nb0 相似,主要表现为犁沟和磨屑,并伴有少量的分层和小块。这说明磨损机制仍以磨粒磨损为主,并伴有少量的黏着磨损。Nb4 涂层的摩擦因数曲线出现了较大的波动,这是由于少量未牢固嵌入基体的 G 相发生了剥落。在 Nb6 涂层中,观察到更多的分层和小块,表明涂层在摩擦和磨损过程中发生了塑性变形。这说明增加涂层中 G 相的含量,提高了涂层的硬度和抗压痕能力,同时也提高了其塑性和韧性。Nb8 涂层的磨痕形貌主要包括犁沟和变形,说明增加 Nb 含量并没有改变涂层的磨损机制,仍以磨粒磨损为主,并伴有一定的黏着磨损。
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随着 Al 元素的加入, [Cr-Fe4Co4Ni4]Cr2.6-xAlxMo0.4 涂层的硬度和耐磨性逐渐提高。当 x=1.0 时,硬度可达 332.6 HV0.2,是 904L 钢基体的 1.75 倍,磨损量大约是基材磨损量的 1 / 2[125]。对于 CoCrFeNiTixAl1-x 涂层体系,随着 Al 元素含量增加而 Ti 元素的含量减少,CoCrFeNiTi0.2Al0.8合金涂层的显微硬度降低了 16%,涂层的耐磨损性能明显降低。在 CoCrFeNiTixAl1-x 涂层中添加 SiC 颗粒后, CoCrFeNiTi0.5Al0.5 和 CoCrFeNiTi0.2Al0.8 合金涂层的显微硬度提高,CoCrFeNiTi0.5Al0.5 / SiC0.1 合金涂层平均摩擦因数最低,为 0.29,且平均显微硬度达到了 864 HV,较 CoCrFeNiTi0.5Al0.5 合金涂层平均显微硬度提高了 16%,但两种合金涂层的耐磨损性能均得到了改善[126]。AlxCoCrFeNiMn1-x双相高熵合金涂层在 x 值为 0 时的体积磨损率最小为 4.54×10−4 mm 3 /(N·m)。高温下双相高熵合金涂层的耐磨性能优异,在 x 值为 0.6 时磨损率最小,为 5.13×10−5 mm 3 /(N·m)[127]。(CrFeNiAl)100-xMox 涂层由 BCC+B2 双相组成,Mo 含量增加,B2 相的含量逐渐增加,在枝晶内部析出纳米级的 B2 相,同时硬度也逐渐提高,最高达到 636.6 HV0.2,耐磨性也逐渐提高[128]。
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图12(CoCrNi)72-xB18Si10Nbx涂层的磨损形貌[124]
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Fig.12 Wear morphology of the (CoCrNi) 72-xB18Si10Nbx coatings[124]
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4 陶瓷颗粒对高熵合金涂层摩擦磨损性能的影响
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在材料科学领域,通过引入具有高熔点、硬度,以及优异的耐磨性、抗氧化性和热稳定性的硬质陶瓷颗粒,如金属碳化物、硼化物和氮化物等,可以显著改善材料的性能。这些硬质颗粒在制备过程中不会破坏高熵合金涂层的固有稳定结构,而是在晶界处形成均匀分散的强化相。这不仅提高了涂层的微观结构均匀性,而且使得颗粒含量的调控更为精确,从而更有利于其在实际生产中的广泛应用。这种策略可以有效地提升材料的综合性能,包括但不限于其机械强度、抗磨损能力和高温稳定性,进而拓展其在工业领域的应用范围。
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4.1 TiC 颗粒
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与未添加 TiC 的涂层相比,添加 7%(质量分数) TiC 的 CrMnFeCoNi 涂层在室温下磨损 1 800 s 后,磨损量和摩擦因数分别降低了 72.22%和 12.39%。在 873 K、1 800 s 条件下,与未添加 TiC 的涂层相比,添加 4% TiC(质量分数)的涂层的磨损量和摩擦因数分别降低了 51.89%和 16.73%[129]。当 TiC 的质量分数从 0%增加到 50%时,FeCoCrAlCu-xTiC 复合涂层的显微硬度和耐磨性均有所提高。FeCoCrAlCu-50% (质量分数)TiC 复合涂层的显微硬度、磨损体积和比磨损率分别为 10.78 GPa、5.2×105 μm 3 和 9.6× 10−5 mm 3 / Nm[130]。由于晶格畸变和固溶强化作用, AlCoCrFeNi-0.3TiC 高熵合金涂层的显微硬度高达 966 HV0.5,约为基体的 3.2 倍。随着 TiC 含量的增加,涂层的摩擦因数和质量损失逐渐减小,涂层表现出良好的耐磨性能[131]。众多学者对在室温下微米级陶瓷颗粒增强的高熵合金复合涂层进行了广泛的研究。然而,对其高温性能的研究很少。故 SUN 等[132]研究了 CrMnFeCoNi-xTiC 涂层在 600℃ 下的摩擦学性能。在高温磨损过程中,磨损表面未发生脆性开裂,形成了良好的耐磨中间层。由于在磨损表面形成了与基体结合良好的复合氧化膜,涂层表现出低硬度、低磨损率和高摩擦因数。
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4.2 WC 颗粒
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WEI 等[133]制备的高熵合金涂层的显微硬度随着 WC 含量的增加而逐渐增大。WC 添加量为 16%时,涂层硬度达到最大值 826.2 HV。WC 含量的增加提高了激光熔覆层的耐磨性。其磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损、黏着磨损和氧化磨损。所有 CoCrFeNi-xWC 高熵合金复合涂层均表现出比 H13 钢基体更高的耐磨性。随着 WC 颗粒含量的增加,CoCrFeNi 的耐磨性先增加后降低,当 WC 颗粒含量为 30%(质量分数) 时,摩擦因数最低,磨槽深度最浅[134]。MA 等[33]发现 FeCoNiCr-60%WC(质量分数)复合涂层由 FCC 固溶体相、WC、W2C 和 Co4W2C 组成。复合涂层由分布在 WC 颗粒周围的树枝晶、块状析出物和鱼骨状析出物组成,平均显微硬度为 506 HV0.05。平均摩擦因数和磨损体积损失分别为 0.474 和 0.041 mm3。如图13 所示,与 AlCoCrFeNi 涂层相比,WC 的掺杂使其摩擦因数从 0.8 降低到 0.6,磨损量减少了 0.84 mg,磨损划痕宽度和深度较小,磨损程度较轻[135]。
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图13 试样的磨损形貌[135]
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Fig.13 Wear morphology of the specimen[135]
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4.3 其他陶瓷颗粒
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ZOU 等[136]研究发现,由于均匀分布的 Al2O3 颗粒的增强作用,制备的 FeCoNiCrMn 复合涂层比纯 FeCoNiCrMn 涂层具有更高的硬度。复合镀层的耐磨性也有所提高,与纯 FeCoNiCrMn 镀层相比,磨损率降低了近 50%。当 x=5 时,由于较高的 BCC 相分数和 NiTi 颗粒的增强作用,AlCoCrFeNi-x% NiTi(质量分数)高熵合金复合材料具有最低的磨损率[137]。CoCrFeNiTiNb 涂层中加入 Y2O3 后的平均晶粒尺寸仅为未加时的 1 / 4.7,细晶强化导致显微硬度和耐磨性分别提高 21.8% 和 26.9%[138]。 TiN-Al2O3 / CoCrFeNiMn 复合涂层的硬度和磨损量比纯高熵合金涂层分别提高 17.6%、12.5%[139]。 CoCrFeMnNi-xSiC 涂层纵截面维氏硬度呈梯度变化,由基体向熔覆涂层表面递增,表面硬度最高可达 693.00 HV;随着 SiC 质量分数的梯度递增,熔覆涂层的磨损量降低,耐磨性逐渐增强; CoCrFeMnNi 涂层的磨损机制以黏着磨损为主,伴随有磨粒磨损,而加入 SiC 陶瓷颗粒后,磨损表面出现更深的犁沟,逐渐以磨粒磨损为主 [140]。与(AlCrFeMnV)90Bi10基体合金相比,TiB2的加入导致磨损率降低 85%。磨损率的显著降低是由于 TiB2的高硬度和均匀分散的 Bi 颗粒,其经历软化和熔化,充当滑动体之间的润滑膜[141]。SUN 等[142]选用陶瓷颗粒 B4C、 TiC 以及 NbC 结合高熵合金粉末,通过激光熔覆制备了三种复合涂层(B4C/ TiC/ NbC-CC)。结果表明, CrMnFeCoNi 高熵合金表现出典型的 FCC 结构。 TiC-CC和NbC-CC试样由基体FCC相中的两相和TiC 或 NbC 陶瓷相组成,B4C-CC 试样由 M2B 和 M23C6(金属间化合物)及 FCC(基体)三相组成。如图14 所示,复合涂层分别表现出微切削磨损、三体磨损和疲劳磨损的特征。
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图14 复合涂层磨损机理示意图[142]
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Fig.14 Schematic illustration of wear mechanism of composite coatings[142]
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通过添加陶瓷颗粒强化涂层性能的主要原因是,某些元素的原子半径相对于其他元素较大,因此当固溶体趋于饱和时会优先析出,与体系中的其他元素形成化合物,更有效地发挥出熔覆层中固溶体的固溶强化作用,如 Ti 元素、Ta 元素等;或者是由于某些元素可以抑制强度低的 FCC 相生成,因此相组成中多为强度高的 BCC 相,如 Nb 元素[78],进而提高了高熵合金涂层的摩擦磨损性能。
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5 结论与展望
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综述近些年经过科研工作者探究金属元素、非金属元素,以及陶瓷颗粒对高熵合金涂层摩擦学性能的影响,可以得出以下结论:
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(1)目前高熵合金涂层体系还不够丰富,成分设计仍以经验和试错法为主,而高熵合金涂层元素众多,试验法工作量巨大。鉴于此,通过高通量集成计算法来预测材料耐磨性能、通过模拟仿真预先筛选出潜在高性能材料体系,从而大幅度减小试验量,是今后成分体系设计的重要方向。而且我国高熵合金领域尚缺少一些模拟计算能力,难以精确预测其结构和性能,高熵合金的理论数据库搭建和仿真能力有待进一步完善。
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(2)已开发出部分具有优良耐磨损性能及一定经济优势的材料体系,但大多仍处于试验阶段。科研成果的工程化和推广应用较慢,新兴高熵合金制造技术与国家优先发展领域目标匹配有待进一步提高。在理论研究方面,尤其是从原子角度方面来解释耐磨强化机制设计的较少,导致无法对最终的产品进行标准化控制,这将直接影响高熵合金涂层的产业化。
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(3)对于非等原子比、质量比或体积比的高熵合金涂层而言,主要元素或者第二相的掺杂量还是通过大量的试验法,缺乏 AI 机器学习以及科学仿真等方法,不能准确预测及控制物相组成的取向。后续研究应基于目前的理论基础,即第一性原理计算-DFT、相图计算-CALPHAD、更为精确的原子模拟技术[例如:分子动力学模拟(Molecular dynamics simulation);蒙特卡罗模拟(Monte Carlo simulation);分子静力学模拟(Molecular statics simulation)等],以及热力学理论和摩擦磨损试验结果,结合日臻完善的探测技术,逐步完善各个成分体系下的磨损机理。针对目前研究所存在的问题,本文建议未来的研究工作还可将焦点放在以下几个方面:
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(1)对合金材料进行表面熔覆高熵合金涂层虽然成本低,操作方便,冷却速度快,熔覆层与基体结合牢固,但是熔覆工艺参数对涂层组织结构和性能的影响研究相对较少,工业应用上对于涂层成形质量的控制与传统合金的精确度仍有较大差距,将是未来研究的重点内容之一。
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(2)除了成分设计,今后可采取不同的热处理工艺如淬火、退火、正火、回火、固溶处理、时效处理,同时结合不同的冷却方式如炉冷、油冷和空冷,设计出正交试验,探索出最佳工艺参数来改善高熵合金涂层的组织结构,因此可对各相所占比例有一定程度地把控,来开发出高耐磨性的高熵合金涂层以满足其在耐磨领域中的应用。
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(3)高熵合金元素多元化,加之制备过程是极端非平衡凝固过程,导致高熵合金涂层中的相生成和转化机理研究困难,难以预测其析出相及演化规律,也会造成性能预测的困难。因此,在极端非平衡凝固状态下高熵合金相的形成与演化是需要重点研究的方向。
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(4)现如今利用各种方法制备高熵合金涂层还处于初步阶段,尚未形成完整的研究体系,在今后的研究中,高熵合金体系优化、高温应用机理、熔覆材料选择等方面仍须进一步拓展,为未来实现成分-结构-性能之间的联系奠定基础。
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(5)关于高熵合金涂层摩擦学性能的建模和模拟的文献非常有限。对高熵合金结构的原子化理解有助于阐明其摩擦学机理。通过界面结构设计,可以将不同性能特征的材料相互结合,进一步提高涂层的强度和材料的韧性,获得更耐疲劳、更稳定的高熵合金涂层。同时对高熵合金自润滑系统的研究远远少于提高其耐磨性的研究,故高熵合金自润滑材料体系可以参考传统自润滑复合材料的经验进一步扩展。高熵合金涂层在高低温、腐蚀、真空等恶劣环境下的摩擦学性能有待进一步研究,积累大量数据可以促进高熵合金涂层在各种环境下的实际应用。在工程应用过程中,需要开发更适合大规模工业化生产的新型制备技术,以期促进高熵合金涂层性能的定制化和生产自动化发展。
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摘要
在材料表面制备高熵合金涂层,可显著提升其表面硬度、力学性能和摩擦磨损性能,延长服役寿命。高熵合金涂层在对基体材料抗磨性要求较为苛刻的领域表现出巨大的应用潜力,然而鲜有相关综述论文,有必要对目前关于高熵合金涂层耐磨性的研究成果进行评述。根据材料科学与工程四面体可得,合金成分是影响高熵合金涂层耐磨性的根本原因。对现有研究梳理,归纳总结 Al、Ti、Cu、Co、Nb、Mo、W 等金属系元素,Si、B、C、O 非金属系元素、元素的复合作用,以及 TiC 与 WC 等陶瓷颗粒对高熵合金涂层微观组织、硬度和耐磨性机理的影响。结果表明,通过微量或大量掺杂合金成分可以改变高熵合金涂层的组织结构及其强化机制,进而改善其耐磨性能。最后,指出目前研究工作中所面临的挑战,展望高熵合金涂层的应用前景和发展方向。系统地概括目前合金成分对高熵合金涂层耐磨性影响的相关研究,研究结果对于制定更科学合理的耐磨性设计方案、提高涂层的耐用性和实际应用效果有着积极的作用,对相关领域研究有着一定的参考价值。
Abstract
Frictional wear occurs primarily on the surface of materials, and the failure of most mechanical components is due to the resulting surface wear, which not only reduces their reliability and safety, but is typically unavoidable in most mechanical systems with moving parts. The durability and reliability of engineering components are closely related to their wear resistance. The development of advanced materials to reduce the energy and material losses in moving mechanical systems remains a significant challenge. Novel high-entropy alloys composed of multiple principal elements offer promising prospects for the development of materials with excellent wear resistance owing to their superior hardness, outstanding wear resistance, and excellent corrosion resistance. However, the preparation cost of block high-entropy alloys is high, and high-entropy alloy films are difficult to apply in practical situations. Therefore, high-entropy alloy coatings have become a popular research topic. By preparing high-entropy alloy coatings on the surface of materials, the surface hardness, mechanical properties, friction, and wear properties can be significantly improved, thus extending the service life. High-entropy alloy coatings have shown enormous potential for applications in areas where the wear resistance of the base material is more demanding; however, there are few relevant review papers. Hence, it is necessary to review current research results on the wear resistance of high-entropy alloy coatings. It is imperative to review the current research results on the wear resistance of high-entropy alloy coatings. Additionally, it is of utmost significance to understand the research progress in improving the wear resistance of high-entropy alloy coatings and to facilitate their applications in industry. According to the materials science and engineering tetrahedron, it can be concluded that the microstructure, heat treatment method, temperature, cooling method, holding time, preparation process, processing process, and whether a protective oxide layer is produced during the friction and wear experiments contribute to a significant impact on the tribological properties of high-entropy alloy coatings. Nevertheless, alloy composition is a fundamental factor affecting the wear resistance of high-entropy alloy coatings. Therefore, this paper reviews existing research and summarizes the effects of metallic elements such as Al, Ti, Cu, Co, Nb, Mo, and W; non-metallic elements such as Si, B, C, and O; composite effects of elements; and ceramic particles such as TiC and WC on the microstructure, hardness, and abrasion resistance of high-entropy alloy coatings. The results showed that the microstructure of high-entropy alloy coatings and their strengthening mechanisms could be changed by a trace or a substantial number of alloying components, which in turn improves their wear resistance. Alloying is an effective way to improve the tribological properties of high-entropy alloy coatings. An appropriate alloying composition will not only lead to lattice distortion and solid solution strengthening of the coatings, but also generate hard phases, thus elevating their hardness and wear resistance. The lubrication mechanism of precipitation hardening and reinforcement doping into high-entropy alloy coatings originates from the formation of hard reinforcement phases during the preparation process. Although the wear resistance of high-entropy alloy coatings is linearly related to their hardness, the hard phase can also function as abrasive particles to accelerate damage to the wear surface and reduce the wear resistance of the base material when the hard phase is exfoliated. Accordingly, it is crucial to rationally adjust the type and content of the reinforcing phase. The challenges faced in the current research work are highlighted, and the application prospects and development directions of high-entropy alloy coatings are envisioned. It has a positive effect on the development of more scientific and reasonable wear-resistant design schemes, enhancement of coating durability, and practical application effects to systematically review the current research related to the influence of alloy composition on the wear resistance of high-entropy alloy coatings. In addition, it contains reference values for scholars and researchers in related fields.
Keywords
high-entropy alloy coatings ; alloy composition ; microstructure ; hardness ; wear resistance
