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作者简介:

田峰,男,博士研究生,高级工程师。主要研究方向为特种装备表面防护技术。

通讯作者:

潘邻,男,博士,教授,特种表面防护材料和应用技术国家重点实验室主任。主要研究方向为特种表面防护材料和应用技术。E-mail: panlin@rimp.com.cn

中图分类号:TG174

DOI:10.11933/j.issn.1007-9289.20230919003

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目录contents

    摘要

    特种装备车辆往往在高速、高冲击等复杂环境下运行,底盘选装密封件表面容易被磨损造成密封失效,在密封工作面制备硬质涂层是提高服役寿命、延长维修周期的重要方法。采用物理气相沉积法在 45#钢表面制备单层 CrN 涂层和不同过渡层厚度的多层 CrN / TiAlN 涂层,用 X 射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、表面轮廓仪、纳米压痕仪和往复式摩擦磨损试验机,研究涂层的微观结构、机械性能和摩擦磨损性能。结果表明单层 CrN 涂层厚度为 0.87 μm, 其硬度和模量最小为 19.49 GPa 和 160.53 GPa。CrN / TiAlN 多层涂层的硬度和模量明显提高,且随过渡层厚度增加而增大,4CrN / TiAlN 涂层的硬度和模量可达到 39.86 GPa 和 386.72 GPa。在空气环境下的摩擦磨损试验中,单层 CrN 涂层被快速破坏;CrN / TiAlN 多层涂层的平均摩擦因数随着过渡层厚度的增加先增大后减小,最大磨损深度和磨痕截面积不断下降。4CrN / TiAlN 涂层具有最优摩擦磨损性能,其平均摩擦因数为 0.7925,磨痕截面积为 315.09 μm2 ,磨损机理为磨粒磨损和少量粘着磨损。提高过渡层厚度能够降低基体的塑性变形,降低涂层与基体的物理性能差异,减少涂层开裂并提高涂层摩擦磨损性能。通过调控过渡层厚度获得性能优异的 CrN / TiAlN 多层涂层,研究成果可应用于车辆旋转密封件上,显著提高密封工作面耐磨损性能。

    Abstract

    Special equipment vehicles often operate under high-speed, high-impact, or other adverse environmental conditions. The surface of a rotary shaft seal on the chassis of this type of vehicle is prone to wear and tear, which can lead to sealing failure. An important method for extending the service life and prolonging the maintenance interval is the preparation of hard coatings on the working surfaces of seals. The aim of this study is to improve the wear resistance and extend the service life of rotating axes. The rotary shaft on the vehicle chassis is generally made of 45# steel. Therefore, we prepared hard coatings with different structures on a 45# steel substrate that was ground, polished, and cleaned using ultrasound and alcohol in advance. A single-layer CrN coating and multilayer CrN / TiAlN coatings with thicknesses of support layers were prepared on the 45# steel via physical vapor deposition. The microstructure, mechanical properties, and friction and wear properties of the coatings were analyzed using X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, surface profilometry, nanoindentation, and reciprocating tribometry. The single-layer CrN coating was 0.87 μm thick, with hardness of 19.49 GPa and an elastic modulus of 160.53 GPa at a minimum. The multilayer CrN / TiAlN coatings had significantly higher hardness and elastic modulus values, which increased with the thickening of the support layer. The hardness and elastic modulus of the 4CrN / TiAlN coatings reached 39.86 and 386.72 GPa, respectively. The main reason for the increased hardness of the CrN / TiAlN multilayer coatings was Al doping. The addition of Al can refine the grain and cause crystal lattice distortion of nitride, which increases the resistance to dislocation movement and generates fine crystal strengthening and solid solution strengthening effects. In the friction and wear tests in an air atmosphere, the single-layer CrN coating was soon worn. With an increase in the thickness of the support layer, the average friction coefficient of the multilayer CrN / TiAlN coatings initially increased and then decreased, and the cross-sectional area of the wear scar and the maximum wear depth decreased. The 4CrN / TiAlN coatings exhibited optimal frictional abrasion performance, with an average friction coefficient of 0.7925 and a cross-sectional area of wear scar of 315.09 μm2 . The wear mechanisms of the 4CrN / TiAlN coatings were abrasive and slight adhesive wear. Increasing the thickness of the support layer could reduce the plastic deformation of the substrate, bridge the difference in the physical properties between the coatings and the substrate, decrease coating cracks, and improve the frictional and wear performance of the coatings. Multilayer coatings can strengthen the binding force between the film and substrate and reduce the residual stress in the coating. In multilayer structures, the interface between the two layers prevents dislocation glide, stress concentration, and cracking and detachment of the coating. It is easier to control the thickness of CrN / TiAlN multilayer coatings prepared via physical vapor deposition than that of conventional electroplated chromium coatings. Moreover, the former yields a significantly better surface hardness and modulus and is a more efficient and eco-friendly preparation process than the latter. With excellent wear resistance, multilayer coatings enable a rotary shaft seal to provide a long-term sealing effect under complex environmental conditions and high-speed rotation, thus extending the service life of the seal. In this study, we obtained CrN / TiAlN multilayer coatings with outstanding performance by controlling the coating thickness. These findings are expected to significantly improve the wear resistance of the working surface of the rotary shaft seals of vehicles.

  • 0 前言

  • 随着军事需求不断提升,装备车辆往往在高温、高湿、高寒等恶劣环境下服役,传动系统各部件在高转速、大扭矩工况下运行,对旋转密封部位轴密封工作表面的机械性能和耐磨损性能提出了更高的要求[1-2]。车辆传动系统中变速器、主减速器、驱动桥等部件的输入、输出轴均为旋转密封结构,即由弹性材料制成的环形密封圈唇口与旋转轴外圆柱面紧密接触,形成一道线密封区域,能适应轴旋转的同时保持与轴外圆柱面的紧密接触,阻止内部润滑油从旋转轴部位泄漏到外部环境中。车辆传动系统各部件旋转轴多采用 45#钢制成,45#钢是一种具有较高强度、较强抗变形能力的中碳结构钢,45#钢通常采用淬火加高温回火的调质工艺来获得优越的综合性能,淬火后硬度能够达到 55 HRC,回火后硬度为 20~30 HRC,通过调质处理后 45#钢抗拉强度达到 600 MPa 以上,屈服强度 355 MPa 以上,在得到良好的表面硬度的同时保证了其力学性能,45#钢因其有价格低廉、加工性能好、强度高等优势被广泛应用于各种零部件中,如齿轮、连杆、轴等;然而,密封圈的弹性材料与轴长时高速摩擦,易使旋转轴密封工作表面出现磨损凹槽,导致密封失效,润滑油泄漏。修复或更换旋转轴,工艺复杂且价格昂贵,采用在轴表面制备耐磨损涂层的方法,可提高旋转轴的耐磨损性能[3-5],延长旋转轴使用寿命。

  • 过渡金属氮化物具有高硬度、优异的抗氧化性和热稳定性,成为应用最广泛的耐磨涂层。氮化物涂层从简单的二元 CrN、TiN 涂层逐步发展为三元、多元涂层,如 TiAlN、TiSiN、ClAlTiN 等[6-10]。在 TiAlN、CrAlN 三元涂层中,Al 取代了晶格中的 Ti、 Cr 原子,晶格参数随着 Al 含量的增大而逐渐减小,从而引起氮化物晶格畸变增大位错运动的阻力; 同时,添加 Al 元素能够细化晶粒,具有明显的细晶强化和固溶强化效应,在不同制备条件下还可能形成少量纳米 AlN 晶粒起到弥散强化的作用,从而显著提高涂层的硬度、耐磨损性能和耐高温氧化性能[11-13]。然而,由于硬质耐磨涂层制备时产生的高内应力以及与基体之间物理性能的差异,单层涂层在摩擦过程中容易出现脆性断裂、剥落等导致涂层提前失效,且单层氮化物涂层的柱状晶结构会导致裂纹沿晶界开裂、液体沿裂纹渗入导致涂层的耐磨损性能下降。

  • 据报道,多层涂层结构具有不同涂层的综合优势,有利于提高涂层的结合力和性能。同时,多层涂层结构的形成阻碍了柱状晶的生长,通过层间界面处的裂纹偏转、裂纹桥联、裂纹尖端钝化以及阻止位错滑移等方式减少裂纹扩展,有效防止应力集中提高涂层的韧性和耐磨损性能[14-16]。例如:SHUAI 等[17]制备了不同界面周期的 Al / TiAlN 涂层,结果显示,当界面周期缩短时,TiAlN 微观结构由柱状向多界面演变;TiAlN 膜由纳米晶 TiN 和非晶 AlN 组成纳米复合膜,其中周期为 100 nm 的 Al / TiAlN 复合膜硬度最高可达 31.3 GPa,且具有最佳的耐蚀性能。ADESINA[18]在 316L 不锈钢上制备了不同中间层的 TiAlN 涂层,CrN 作为中间层的 TiAlN 涂层的高温摩擦学性能优于以 TiN 为中间层的 TiAlN 涂层和单层 TiAlN 涂层。现有研究表明,TiAlN 涂层能有效提高基体的耐磨损性能和使用寿命,但不同过渡层厚度的多层涂层性能的摩擦磨损性能对比研究较少。

  • 本文采用物理气相沉积法(PVD)在 45#钢上分别制备单层 CrN 涂层和不同过渡层厚度的多层 CrN / TiAlN 涂层,研究了涂层的微观结构、力学性能和耐磨损性能,包括单层和不同过渡层厚度多层涂层的硬度、在干磨擦条件下的摩擦磨损性能等,以期获得高耐磨性能的多层涂层材料。

  • 1 试验准备

  • 1.1 样品制备

  • 选用调质处理的 45#钢作为基体材料,两种样品尺寸为 10 mm×10 mm×1 mm 和 20 mm× 20 mm×5 mm,其中 10 mm×10 mm×1 mm 尺寸的样品用于涂层的物相结构和形貌测试,20 mm× 20 mm×5 mm 尺寸的样品用于涂层的力学性能测试和摩擦磨损试验,经砂纸研磨和抛光处理后在乙醇中超声清洗 20 min 烘干并进行镀膜。采用电弧离子镀法(物理气相沉积法的一种)在基体上制备 CrN 单层涂层和不同 CrN 过渡层厚度的 CrN / TiAlN 多层涂层,涂层由东莞市立仁爱邦涂层技术有限公司采用成熟工艺制备,首先将真空度抽至 3 mPa,之后通入氩气至 2 Pa,在 600 V 的负偏压下辉光清洗 30 min 清除表面污染物,之后在气压 0.5 Pa 时打开 Cr 靶制备 Cr 过渡层,随后通入氮气制备不同厚度 CrN 过渡层。CrN 过渡层制备完成后同时打开 Cr、 Ti、Al 靶材并开启基体旋转台制备 CrN / TiAlN 交替层,最后关闭 Cr 靶制备 TiAlN 涂层。电弧离子镀膜过程中的具体工艺参数如下:工作气压 0.5 Pa,沉积温度 300℃,氮气流量 200 cm3 / min,基体偏压−120 V,Cr、Ti、Al 靶弧电流分别为 80、80、 100 A。其中不同过渡层厚度的 CrN / TiAlN 多层涂层在制备过程中仅改变时间,不同厚度 CrN 过渡层制备时间分别为 1、2、4 h,TiAlN 层制备时间为 2 h。

  • 1.2 结构表征及力学性能测试

  • 采用 X 射线衍射仪( XRD, Bruker D8 ADVANCE)分析涂层物相结构,为了消除基体对 XRD 图谱的影响,测试过程中设置掠入射角度为 5°,扫描速度为 5(°)/ min,扫描范围为 5~90°。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM,ZEISS Gemini300)观察涂层的表面和截面形貌,采用配备的能谱仪 (EDS,Smartedx)分析涂层的成分和元素分布。采用纳米压痕仪(Bruker TI980 TriboIndenter)测量涂层的硬度与弹性模量,采用 Berkovich 142.3°金刚石压头,测量载荷为 8 mN,加卸载时间均为 5 s 保载 2 s,每个样品重复测量 5 次。为了消除基体对测试结果的影响,最大压入深度不超过涂层厚度的十分之一,取其平均值计算涂层硬度和模量。采用表面轮廓仪(NANOVEA ST400)测量涂层表面的三维形貌和表面粗糙度,所用发射频率为 1 kHz,每个样品的选区面积为 1 mm×1 mm,扫描步长为 15 μm / s,采用算数平均值(Sa)和均方根值(Sq) 表征涂层表面的粗糙程度。

  • 用 UNT-2 摩擦磨损仪进行室温摩擦磨损试验,摩擦路径为直线往复式摩擦,使用直径为 10 mm 的 SiO2 球作为对磨球,摩擦行程为 15 mm,摩擦速度为 30 mm / s,载荷为 15 N,在空气环境下进行 30 min 的摩擦磨损试验。采用激光共聚焦显微镜 (Olympus4000)测量磨痕截面积和磨痕轮廓曲线,用磨痕截面积和磨损深度表征涂层的耐磨损性能。

  • 2 结果与讨论

  • 2.1 涂层的微观结构

  • 图1 是 CrN 涂层和 CrN / TiAlN 多层涂层表面的 XRD 衍射图谱。CrN 和 TiAlN 涂层均在(111)、(200)、 (220)三个晶面出现比较明显的衍射峰,表现出面心立方结构(FCC)。XRD 图谱中没有出现其他明显的衍射峰,表明涂层中相结构单一,且 CrN 过渡层厚度的变化对表面 TiAlN 层的晶体结构没有影响。

  • 图2 是 CrN 涂层和 CrN / TiAlN 多层涂层的 SEM 截面形貌图。单层 CrN 涂层的厚度为 0.87 μm,它与基体结合良好,没有明显的裂纹和缺陷。从截面形貌和线扫描图中可以看出,CrN / TiAlN 多层涂层过渡层由 CrN 层和 CrN / TiAlN 交替层组成,其中 TiAlN 层的厚度保持不变,3 种多层涂层过渡层厚度逐渐加厚,分别为 0.82、1.95 和 3.87 μm(下文分别表示为 1CrN / TiAlN、 2CrN / TiAlN 和 4CrN / TiAlN),涂层具有明显的柱状生长结构,其中 CrN 和基体之间制备了 Cr 打底层,但由于厚度较小没有在截面图中标出。

  • 图1 CrN 涂层和 CrN / TiAlN 多层涂层的 XRD 衍射图谱

  • Fig.1 XRD diffraction pattern of CrN coating and CrN / TiAlN multi-layer coatings

  • 图2 CrN 涂层和 CrN / TiAlN 多层涂层的 SEM 截面形貌图

  • Fig.2 SEM cross sectional morphology images of CrN coating and CrN / TiAlN multi-layer coatings:

  • 图3 是 CrN 和 CrN / TiAlN 多层涂层的 SEM 表面形貌图。CrN 涂层表面含有明显的基体抛光留下的痕迹,表明涂层厚度较薄。CrN / TiAlN 多层涂层的表面无明显划痕,且随着过渡层厚度的增加,表面形貌受基体影响越小。另外,4 种涂层表面均含有制备过程中留下的颗粒和凹坑,这是由电弧离子镀法制备涂层的典型形貌特点,这是由于电弧放电时靶材蒸发产生的原子不能完全离化在表面沉积,而且金属液滴粘附不牢固被轰击脱落。相比于单层 CrN 涂层,CrN / TiAlN 多层涂层的表面颗粒和凹坑数量较多,这可能是由于靶材中 Al 熔点较低导致容易蒸发。据报道[19],这些颗粒和凹坑基本不影响涂层的耐磨性能。图4 是 4 种涂层的表面轮廓图。CrN 涂层的表面粗糙度最小;随着 CrN 过渡层厚度增加, CrN / TiAlN 多层涂层的表面变得更加致密,涂层表面的液滴和凹坑起伏变大,表面粗糙度呈现增大趋势。

  • 图3 CrN 涂层和 CrN / TiAlN 多层涂层的 SEM 表面形貌图

  • Fig.3 SEM surface morphology images of CrN coating and CrN / TiAlN multi-layer coatings:

  • 图4 CrN 涂层和 CrN / TiAlN 多层涂层的表面轮廓

  • Fig.4 Surface profile of CrN coating and CrN / TiAlN multi-layer coatings

  • 2.2 涂层的力学性能

  • 图5a 为通过纳米压痕仪测得的 CrN 和 CrN / TiAlN 多层涂层的硬度和模量。单层 CrN 涂层的硬度和模量分别为 19.49、160.53 GPa。相比而言,CrN / TiAlN 多层涂层的硬度和模量均较高,且随着过渡层厚度的增加而上升,最高硬度和模量分别可达 39.86、 386.72 GPa。经分析, CrN / TiAlN多层涂层硬度的提升主要源于Al元素的掺杂,从 XRD 图谱中可以看出并没有形成 AlN 晶体,在 TiN 晶体的氯化钠结构中,Ti 原子被 Al 原子取代形成 TiAlN 晶体,由于 Al 的原子尺寸较小,TiN 晶格参数随着 Al 含量的增大而逐渐减小,Al 元素的添加能够细化涂层晶粒,同时引起氮化物晶格畸变,晶格畸变增大了位错运动的阻力,具有明显的细晶强化和固溶强化效应。而过渡层厚度提升提高涂层的硬度和模量主要是由于涂层厚度加厚,纳米压痕测试受基体影响变小(图3)且涂层表面更加致密导致其数值逐渐趋近 TiAlN 的硬度和模量,因此多层涂层的硬度和模量提升随厚度增加而变缓。为评估涂层的抗弹性应变破坏能力和抗塑性变形能力,通常采用 H / EH3 / E2 比值预测涂层的韧性和摩擦磨损性能[20]。图5b 列出了 CrN 和 CrN / TiAlN 多层涂层的 H / EH3 / E2 比值。相比于单层 CrN 涂层, CrN / TiAlN 多层涂层的 H / E 数值呈现轻微的下降趋势,表明涂层韧性稍有下降,而 H3 / E2 数值增大表明涂层能承受的接触屈服压应力增大,耐磨性能提升。

  • 图5 CrN 和 CrN / TiAlN 多层涂层的硬度和模量,H / EH3 / E2比值

  • Fig.5 Hardness and elastic modulus and the ratio of H / E to H3 / E2 of CrN coating and CrN / TiAlN multi-layer coatings

  • 2.3 涂层的摩擦磨损性能

  • 图6a 是 CrN 和 CrN / TiAlN 多层涂层的摩擦因数曲线,图6b 是涂层平均摩擦因数和磨痕截面积,其中磨痕截面积用来评估磨损量的大小。对于单层 CrN 涂层,在摩擦开始阶段,由于表面颗粒与对摩副之间的接触面积较小,摩擦因数上升;随着表面凸起部分的磨损,涂层摩擦因数逐渐下降至约 0.6; 随后,涂层的摩擦因数开始上升直至趋于稳定。 1CrN / TiAlN 多层涂层的摩擦因数曲线走势与 CrN 涂层类似,其摩擦因数最低下降到约 0.7,摩擦因数上升至 0.8 后不断出现小的波动,最高点达到 0.95。 2CrN / TiAlN 多层涂层的摩擦因数在开始阶段迅速提高并维持一段时间,随后摩擦因数开始下降直至平稳。4CrN / TiAlN 涂层摩擦因数开始阶段迅速上升后缓慢上升至约 1.0 左右,随后摩擦因数开始下降。经对比,CrN / TiAlN 多层涂层的平均摩擦因数均高于单层 CrN 涂层,其中 2CrN / TiAlN 涂层的平均摩擦因数最大,为 0.909 5。随着 CrN 过渡层厚度的提高,CrN / TiAlN 多层涂层的磨痕截面积即磨损量逐渐下降。在多层涂层中 4CrN / TiAlN 的平均摩擦磨损系数最小,且在 30 min 时稳定摩擦磨损系数最低,另外 4CrN / TiAlN 的磨痕截面积最小仅为 CrN 涂层的 50%左右,因此其具有最好的摩擦磨损性能。

  • 图6 CrN 涂层和 CrN / TiAlN 多层涂层的摩擦因数曲线、平均摩擦因数和磨痕截面积

  • Fig.6 Friction factor curve and average friction factor and wear area of CrN coating and CrN / TiAlN multi-layer coatings

  • 为弄清涂层的摩擦磨损机制,对摩擦后的磨痕表面形貌图进行测试分析。图7 是 CrN 和 CrN / TiAlN 多层涂层在空气环境下摩擦后的磨痕形貌图,图8 是表面形貌的 SEM 图和面扫描结果,磨痕轮廓曲线如图9 所示。单层 CrN 涂层磨损后完全裸露出基体(图7a),图9a 中磨痕深度大于 3 μm,也表明超过涂层厚度,磨损达到基体中。经分析,单层 CrN 涂层在约 200 s 开始出现严重磨损,400 s 时涂层已经完全失效。因此,稳定阶段的摩擦因数为基体与对摩副之间的摩擦因数。对于过渡层厚度较薄的 1CrN / TiAlN 涂层(图9b),最大磨痕深度接近 3 μm(超过涂层总厚度),涂层磨痕的中心位置裸露部分基体(图7b)。磨痕形貌显示,磨痕表面有沿摩擦方向的犁沟和剥落现象,两侧有大量磨屑的堆积,磨痕内出现粘着现象,从图8a 面扫描分析结果来看,涂层表面破碎和两侧磨粒的主要成分是 SiO2,说明在摩擦过程中有较严重的粘着现象,粘着物在摩擦过程中逐渐被碾碎加剧了涂层表面的磨损,一部分粘着物逐渐堆积在两侧,另外可以看到氧元素在涂层其他地方含量较小,说明涂层在摩擦过程中基本没有出现氧化,涂层的主要磨损机理为磨粒磨损和粘着磨损。因此,1CrN / TiAlN 涂层的摩擦因数上升及波动主要是由涂层破碎产生的磨屑及对摩副在涂层表面的粘着所致。与 CrN 单层涂层比较, 1CrN / TiAlN 涂层并没有出现涂层完全破损,其磨损深度和磨痕截面积相比于 CrN 涂层有明显下降,这是因为 TiAlN 涂层表面具有更大的硬度和模量。同时,在单层涂层在高速高应力摩擦磨损时出现的裂纹会沿着柱状晶结构发展,导致涂层整体开裂、剥落。而多层涂层不仅可以通过缩小界面之间的热膨胀系数、晶体结构和化学成分不匹配的差异来提高膜-基结合力,减少涂层内部残余应力,还可以通过层间界面处的裂纹偏转和延展层韧带桥接等方式造成的裂纹尖端钝化以使涂层韧性、耐磨性能得到提高。另外,多层结构中层与层的界面可以阻止位错滑移,防止应力集中,以防止涂层的开裂和脱落失效。

  • 图7 CrN 涂层和 CrN / TiAlN 多层涂层的磨痕形貌

  • Fig.7 Wear scar morphology of CrN coating and CrN / TiAlN multi-layer coatings

  • 图8 摩擦磨损后的 SEM 形貌和面扫描分析

  • Fig.8 SEM morphology and surface scanning analysis after friction and wear

  • 图9c、 9d 显示, 2CrN / TiAlN 涂层和 4CrN / TiAlN 涂层的最大磨损深度在 1.5~2 μm(低于涂层总厚度);图7c、7d 中涂层也没有出现严重破坏,磨痕表面有沿着摩擦方向的划痕和犁沟以及少量黑色的粘着物,涂层磨损机理主要为磨粒磨损。相比于 2CrN / TiAlN 涂层,4CrN / TiAlN 涂层表面的划痕和犁沟更浅,磨痕两侧没有明显的磨屑堆积,这主要是由于其较大的表面硬度和致密的表面结构在摩擦过程中产生较少的磨屑。从图8b 和图8c 中显示,相比于 1CrN / TiAlN,提升过渡层后摩擦时粘着现象显著下降,4CrN / TiAlN 基本没有粘着出现,只有在涂层的两侧有少量 SiO2 堆积。 2CrN / TiAlN 涂层开始阶段摩擦因数较高并且进入稳定磨损阶段时间较长,主要是源于其较大的表面粗糙度和产生较多磨屑颗粒,另外涂层表面有一条较为明显的犁沟,使涂层进入稳定阶段的时间进一步延长,随着表面凸起逐渐磨平,摩擦因数开始下降。4CrN / TiAlN 涂层的摩擦因数不断上升源于其产生的磨屑在摩擦接触面堆积,随着磨屑被不断研磨,摩擦因数开始下降;在随后的摩擦过程中产生磨屑较少,因而具有较小的平均摩擦因数。结果表明,较厚的过渡层具有较小的磨痕宽度,摩擦过程中产生了较小的塑性变形,有效减少了负载下基体产生形变导致的涂层开裂。因此,提高 CrN / TiAlN 多层涂层过渡层厚度能够有效减少其磨损量。相比于 1CrN / TiAlN 涂层,提高过渡层厚度可以使基体到 TiAlN 涂层的物理性能差异梯度更加缓和,降低涂层涂层内应力防止涂层破碎[21-22]。涂层磨痕轮廓两侧较少的磨粒堆积也能说明提高涂层过渡层厚度能够使内应力降低,提升表面致密度防止在摩擦磨损过程中涂层破碎出现磨粒。在摩擦磨损试验中,由于对摩副的硬度小于涂层硬度,因此磨损量主要来源于涂层的剥落和由涂层剥落产生的磨粒造成的划痕和犁沟。因此,4CrN / TiAlN 磨损过程中较少的磨屑是其具有较好摩擦磨损性能的主要原因。

  • 图9 CrN 涂层和 CrN / TiAlN 多层涂层的磨痕轮廓

  • Fig.9 Wear scar profile of CrN coating and CrN / TiAlN multi-layer coatings

  • 3 结论

  • (1)随着 CrN 过渡层厚度的提高,CrN / TiAlN 多层涂层的硬度和弹性模量逐渐升高,涂层韧性和耐磨损性能逐渐提高。

  • (2)在空气环境下的摩擦磨损试验中,CrN 单层涂层被快速磨损裸露出基体。随着过渡层厚度增加,CrN / TiAlN 多层涂层最大磨损深度和磨痕截面积逐渐下降,4CrN / TiAlN 涂层的平均摩擦因数最小。

  • (3)CrN / TiAlN 多层涂层磨痕形貌中出现犁沟和粘着物,磨痕两侧有磨屑堆积,磨损机理主要是粘着磨损和磨粒磨损。随着过渡层厚度提高,涂层粘着磨损和磨粒磨损程度不断减轻。

  • (4)相比于传统的电镀铬涂层,物理气相沉积 CrN / TiAlN 多层涂层能够更加方便地控制涂层厚度,且制备过程更加高效环保。多层涂层的高耐磨性能够使轴的旋转密封部位在复杂环境、高速旋转下保持长时间的密封状态,延长旋转密封件的使用寿命,在车辆传动系统中有良好的应用潜力。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] ZAVOS A.Effect of coating and low viscosity oils on piston ring friction under mixed regime of lubrication through analytical modelling[J].Lubricants,2021,9(12):124.

    • [2] BURKHART C,EMRICH S,KOPNARSKI M,et al.Excessive shaft wear due to radial shaft seals in lubricated environment.Part I:Analysis and mechanisms[J].Wear,2020,460:203419.

    • [3] BOBZIN K.High-performance coatings for cutting tools[J].CRIP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology,2017,18:1-9.

    • [4] LORENZO-MARTIN C,AJAYI O O,TORREL S,et al.Friction and wear behavior of thin-film ceramic coatings under lubricated sliding contact[J].Thin Solid Films,2014,569:70-75.

    • [5] VEPREK S,VEPREK-HEIJMAN M J G.Industrial applications of superhard nanocomposite coatings[J].Surface and Coatings Technology,2008,202(21):5063-5073.

    • [6] CHANG C L,SHIH S G,CHEN P H,et al.Effect of duty cycles on the deposition and characteristics of high power impulse magnetron sputtering deposited TiN thin films[J].Surface & Coatings Technology,2014,259:232-237.

    • [7] CEN S H,LV X G,XU Beibei,et al.The Effect of gradient bias design on electrochemistry and tribology behaviors of PVD CrN film in a simulative marine environment[J].Materials,2018,11(9):1753.

    • [8] KOMAROV F F,KONSTANTINOV V M,KOVALCHUK A V,et al.The effect of steel substrate pre-hardening on structural,mechanical,and tribological properties of magnetron sputtered TiN and TiAlN coatings[J].Wear,2016,352:92-101.

    • [9] MIRYALKAR P,CHAVITLO S,TANDEKAR N,et al.Improving the abrasive wear resistance of biomass briquetting machine components using cathodic arc physical vapor deposition coatings:A comparative study[J].Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A,2021,39(6):063404.

    • [10] CHEN J H,GUO Q Q,LI J P,et al.Microstructure and tribological properties of CrAlTiN coating deposited via multi-arc ion plating[J].Materials Today Communications,2022,30:103136.

    • [11] PALDEY S,DEEVI S C.Single layer and multilayer wear resistant coatings of(Ti,Al)N:A review[J].Materials Science and Engineering:A,2003,342(1-2):58-79.

    • [12] LI W,LIU P,ZHENG K P,et al.Effects of Al content on microstructure and mechanical property of CrAlN coating synthesized by reactive magnetron sputtering[J].Rare Metal Materials and Engineering,2012,41:425-428.

    • [13] KAYA E,ULUTAN M.Tribomechanical and microstructural properties of cathodic arc-deposited ternary nitride coatings[J].Ceramics International,2022,48(15):21346-21357.

    • [14] LIU Y F,YU S T,SHI Q Y,et al.Multilayer coatings for tribology:A mini review[J].Nanomaterials,2022,12(9):1388.

    • [15] WANG Y X,ZHANG S.Toward hard yet tough ceramic coatings[J].Surface and Coatings Technology,2014,258:1-16.

    • [16] CAI F,GAO Y,ZHANG S H,et al.Gradient architecture of Si containing layer and improved cutting performance of AlCrSiN coated tools[J].Wear,2019,424:193-202.

    • [17] SHUAI J T,ZUO X,WANG Z Y,et al.Comparative study on crack resistance of TiAlN monolithic and Ti/TiAlN multilayer coatings[J].Ceramics International,2020,46(5):6672-6681.

    • [18] ADESINA A Y.Tribological behavior of TiN/TiAlN,CrN/TiAlN,and CrAlN/TiAlN coatings at elevated temperature[J].Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance,2022,31(8):6404-6419.

    • [19] NAGHASHZADEH A R,SHAFYEI A,SOURANI F.Nanoindentation and Tribological Behavior of TiN-TiCN-TiAlN multilayer coatings on AISI D3 tool steel[J].Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance,2022,31(6):4335-4342.

    • [20] MUSIL J,JIROUT M.Toughness of hard nanostructured ceramic thin films[J].Surface and Coatings Technology,2007,201(9-11):5148-5152.

    • [21] HOLMBERG K,RONKAINEN H,Matthews A.Tribology of thin coatings[J].Ceramics International,2000,26(7):787-795.

    • [22] XU Z Y,LUO Y,HUANG Z S.Wear mechanism and life map construction of nitride coatings on different substrates[J].Coatings,2022,12(8):1082.

  • 参考文献

    • [1] ZAVOS A.Effect of coating and low viscosity oils on piston ring friction under mixed regime of lubrication through analytical modelling[J].Lubricants,2021,9(12):124.

    • [2] BURKHART C,EMRICH S,KOPNARSKI M,et al.Excessive shaft wear due to radial shaft seals in lubricated environment.Part I:Analysis and mechanisms[J].Wear,2020,460:203419.

    • [3] BOBZIN K.High-performance coatings for cutting tools[J].CRIP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology,2017,18:1-9.

    • [4] LORENZO-MARTIN C,AJAYI O O,TORREL S,et al.Friction and wear behavior of thin-film ceramic coatings under lubricated sliding contact[J].Thin Solid Films,2014,569:70-75.

    • [5] VEPREK S,VEPREK-HEIJMAN M J G.Industrial applications of superhard nanocomposite coatings[J].Surface and Coatings Technology,2008,202(21):5063-5073.

    • [6] CHANG C L,SHIH S G,CHEN P H,et al.Effect of duty cycles on the deposition and characteristics of high power impulse magnetron sputtering deposited TiN thin films[J].Surface & Coatings Technology,2014,259:232-237.

    • [7] CEN S H,LV X G,XU Beibei,et al.The Effect of gradient bias design on electrochemistry and tribology behaviors of PVD CrN film in a simulative marine environment[J].Materials,2018,11(9):1753.

    • [8] KOMAROV F F,KONSTANTINOV V M,KOVALCHUK A V,et al.The effect of steel substrate pre-hardening on structural,mechanical,and tribological properties of magnetron sputtered TiN and TiAlN coatings[J].Wear,2016,352:92-101.

    • [9] MIRYALKAR P,CHAVITLO S,TANDEKAR N,et al.Improving the abrasive wear resistance of biomass briquetting machine components using cathodic arc physical vapor deposition coatings:A comparative study[J].Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A,2021,39(6):063404.

    • [10] CHEN J H,GUO Q Q,LI J P,et al.Microstructure and tribological properties of CrAlTiN coating deposited via multi-arc ion plating[J].Materials Today Communications,2022,30:103136.

    • [11] PALDEY S,DEEVI S C.Single layer and multilayer wear resistant coatings of(Ti,Al)N:A review[J].Materials Science and Engineering:A,2003,342(1-2):58-79.

    • [12] LI W,LIU P,ZHENG K P,et al.Effects of Al content on microstructure and mechanical property of CrAlN coating synthesized by reactive magnetron sputtering[J].Rare Metal Materials and Engineering,2012,41:425-428.

    • [13] KAYA E,ULUTAN M.Tribomechanical and microstructural properties of cathodic arc-deposited ternary nitride coatings[J].Ceramics International,2022,48(15):21346-21357.

    • [14] LIU Y F,YU S T,SHI Q Y,et al.Multilayer coatings for tribology:A mini review[J].Nanomaterials,2022,12(9):1388.

    • [15] WANG Y X,ZHANG S.Toward hard yet tough ceramic coatings[J].Surface and Coatings Technology,2014,258:1-16.

    • [16] CAI F,GAO Y,ZHANG S H,et al.Gradient architecture of Si containing layer and improved cutting performance of AlCrSiN coated tools[J].Wear,2019,424:193-202.

    • [17] SHUAI J T,ZUO X,WANG Z Y,et al.Comparative study on crack resistance of TiAlN monolithic and Ti/TiAlN multilayer coatings[J].Ceramics International,2020,46(5):6672-6681.

    • [18] ADESINA A Y.Tribological behavior of TiN/TiAlN,CrN/TiAlN,and CrAlN/TiAlN coatings at elevated temperature[J].Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance,2022,31(8):6404-6419.

    • [19] NAGHASHZADEH A R,SHAFYEI A,SOURANI F.Nanoindentation and Tribological Behavior of TiN-TiCN-TiAlN multilayer coatings on AISI D3 tool steel[J].Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance,2022,31(6):4335-4342.

    • [20] MUSIL J,JIROUT M.Toughness of hard nanostructured ceramic thin films[J].Surface and Coatings Technology,2007,201(9-11):5148-5152.

    • [21] HOLMBERG K,RONKAINEN H,Matthews A.Tribology of thin coatings[J].Ceramics International,2000,26(7):787-795.

    • [22] XU Z Y,LUO Y,HUANG Z S.Wear mechanism and life map construction of nitride coatings on different substrates[J].Coatings,2022,12(8):1082.

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