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作者简介:

刘进龙,男,1994年出生,硕士研究生。主要研究方向为表面工程与摩擦学。E-mail: jlliu7330@163.com

通讯作者:

刘晓红,女,1977年出生,博士,副研究员。主要研究方向为表面工程与摩擦学。E-mail: xhliu@licp.cas.cn

中图分类号:TB383

DOI:10.11933/j.issn.1007-9289.20230302003

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目录contents

    摘要

    在严苛的航空航天工况环境下,WS2基复合薄膜在减摩耐磨方面的结构演变和失效规律仍须进一步探索。为扩展其在温域上的应用范围,采用磁控溅射技术在硅片和 718 高温合金块上沉积 TiB2 / WS2复合薄膜,分别在 200、450 和 600 ℃大气环境下对复合薄膜进行退火处理。利用扫描电子显微镜、透射电镜、X 射线衍射仪、拉曼光谱仪、纳米压痕仪和球盘高温摩擦试验机等分析技术对退火处理前后薄膜的组分、结构、力学性能和摩擦磨损性能进行研究。结果表明:随着退火温度的升高,复合薄膜中硫元素的分解率增大,S / W 比降低,薄膜氧化程度增加。未退火处理薄膜在摩擦过程中由于形成易于剪切滑移的 WS2(002)晶体取向结构保持了低且稳定的摩擦因数。200 ℃退火处理后薄膜的致密性增加,硬度得到明显的提升,显示良好的减摩耐磨性能[摩擦因数<0.075,磨损率为 9.21×10−6 mm3 / (m·N)量级]。450 ℃退火处理后薄膜中生成的氧化相 WO3、TiO2导致摩擦因数波动上升,磨损率增加。600 ℃退火处理后薄膜瞬时失效,主要是由于薄膜中硫元素的大量分解流失难以形成润滑相和薄膜表面形成松散堆积结构所造成的。通过观察退火处理前后复合薄膜微观结构的变化明确了其在不同温度下的磨损失效演化规律。

    Abstract

    The exploration of structural evolution and failure patterns in WS2-based composite films, especially regarding their friction and wear reduction capabilities under harsh aerospace conditions, still requires further investigation. To widen their application across various temperature ranges, TiB2 / WS2 composite films, aimed at adapting to a broad temperature domain, were deposited onto silicon wafers and 718 high-temperature alloy substrates using a magnetron sputtering method. These films were then annealed at 200 ℃, 450 ℃, and 600 ℃ in atmospheric conditions. Detailed analyses of the films, both before and after the annealing processes, were performed using a range of analytical techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, nanoindentation, scratch testing, and ball-on-disk high-temperature friction testing. The study focused on the effects of annealing temperatures, ranging from 0 to 600 ℃, on the films' elemental composition, microstructure, hardness, and frictional wear properties. It was determined that the films, deposited by non-equilibrium magnetron sputtering, were characterized by a cabbage-like morphology on the surface, a columnar growth structure in the cross-section, and an amorphous state overall. An increase in annealing temperature was associated with an accelerated decomposition rate of sulfur elements, a significant reduction in the S / W ratio, a noticeable rise in film oxidation, and a wear rate that decreased initially but then increased with the annealing temperature. At an annealing temperature of 200 ℃, the films exhibited the lowest number of surface defects and the most compact structure, which slightly enhanced mechanical properties and maintained stable tribological performance, demonstrating effective friction and wear reduction (with a coefficient of friction <0.075 and wear rate of 9.21 × 10–6 mm3 / m·N). Excellent tribological properties were exhibited by the film during dynamic and continuous temperature increases (RT of approximately 600 ℃), and thereby, excellent thermal stability and continuous lubricity were realized. Mechanisms of destabilization in composite films before and after undergoing annealing treatments at various temperatures were observed: A low and stable coefficient of friction was maintained by the unannealed film during the friction process due to the formation of a shear-slip friendly WS2 (002) crystal orientation structure. Increased densities and significantly improved hardness, along with optimal tribological properties, were observed after the annealing treatment at 200 ℃. A significant fluctuation in the coefficient of friction was displayed by the composite film after the annealing treatment at 450 ℃, as WS2 starts to oxidize at 450 ℃, leading to the formation of a small amount of oxide phases WO3 and TiO2 on the composite film surface. These oxide phases, being higher in the coefficient of friction than the lubricant phase WS2, partake in the friction process, causing the coefficient of friction to fluctuate and gradually increase, and the wear rate to rise. Failure of the composite films annealed at 600 ℃ occurs within a very short period, attributed on one hand to the destruction of the microstructure and mechanical properties by high-temperature annealing, and on the other hand to the instantaneous failure of the S element in the composite films due to a high temperature decomposition rate of 92.9% and the difficulty in forming the lubricant phase during the friction process in the absence of the S element. The evolution of frictional wear loss at different temperatures was clarified by investigating the changes in the microstructure of the composite films before and after the annealing treatment.

  • 0 前言

  • 固体润滑材料的出现弥补了油脂润滑材料由于其自身对环境的依赖性以及不易补充等缺点。为了解决航空航天发动机、空气箔片轴承、涡轮增压器等系统装备服役于高低温交变、高负载、高速条件下高可靠性和超长服役寿命等一系列技术难题[1],须要实现苛刻工况条件下的润滑作用。常用的固体润滑材料主要包括层状结构化合物、软金属、金属氧化物和碳 / 氮 / 硼化合物等,一般选择石墨、 MoS2、WS2、非晶态类金刚石(DLC 或 a-C)等来制备固体润滑薄膜。这些材料中,多以 MoS2 的研究为主,主要因为其润滑性能良好,摩擦因数低; 但在潮湿的环境中容易失效[2],并在 315℃开始迅速氧化,适用温域比较小,有很大的局限性。为了克服 MoS2 薄膜润滑缺点,获得硬度高、摩擦因数低及韧性好的润滑薄膜,有研究通过掺杂非金属元素 C、N 等;金属元素 Ti、Cr、Ni、Zr、Cu 等和化合物 TiN、TiB2[3-6]以复合薄膜或者多层薄膜的形式来改善 MoS2 薄膜的润滑性能。例如:TEER[7]制备的 MoS2 / Ti 的复合薄膜在高湿度仍维持 0.02~0.08 的低摩擦因数;王茹等[8]制备的 MoS2 / TiB2 / Ti 的复合薄膜在(25~500℃)内具有良好的润滑和抗磨性能;GILMORE 等[9]制备的 MoS2 / TiN 的多层膜摩擦因数在 0.1~0.4。MoS2薄膜的相关研究已经取得很大进展。

  • WS2 和 MoS2 属于同族化合物,具有相同层状润滑结构,且比 MoS2 具有更高的耐氧化温度(高达 450℃),而且氧化生成的 WO3 也具有良好的润滑性[10-11],更适合选作宽温域工况条件的润滑材料。同时高硬度、高熔点的 TiB2会增加薄膜的承载性、耐磨性和高温抗氧化性能[12]。通过选择硬质耐磨相和软质润滑相设计制备的 TiB2 / WS2 复合薄膜在 (25~500℃)全温段具有低于 0.075 的摩擦因数和低于 6.0×10−6 mm 3 /(m·N)量级的磨损率[13]

  • 目前大部分研究集中在WS2相掺杂的润滑性能方面,关于退火处理前后复合薄膜中组分、结构、力学性能的变化对复合薄膜摩擦磨损性能影响的研究较少。基于 WS2 在 450℃会热氧化分解严重影响复合薄膜的润滑性能。因此,本文通过磁控溅射技术制备 TiB2 掺杂 WS2 复合薄膜,参考相关文献[14-17],常温下测试 200、450 和 600℃大气退火处理后的复合薄膜,以研究不同温度退火处理前后复合薄膜摩擦磨损失效行为。

  • 1 试验准备

  • 1.1 薄膜的制备

  • 采用闭合场非平衡磁控溅射设备(PlasMag CF-800)制备 TiB2 / WS2 复合薄膜,试验过程中采用两个 WS2靶(纯度>99.99%)和一个 TiB2 靶(纯度>99.99%),沉积基材选用 718 高温合金块和 P 型(111)晶面的单晶硅片。沉积薄膜前,用去离子水和无水丙酮超声清洗基材 20 min 去除表面污染物,再用氮气吹干并将其放置于镀膜腔体样品架上。薄膜沉积过程主要分为以下 3 步:

  • (1)利用抽真空系统将腔室气压抽至 60 μPa 以下,之后对基材进行 Ar+ 清洗 30 min。

  • (2)沉积 TiB2 过渡层提高膜基结合力,通入 Ar,偏压−40 V,TiB2 靶溅射电流为 0.5 A,此过程进行 30 min。

  • (3)沉积 TiB2 / WS2 复合薄膜,WS2 靶电流为 1.0 A,TiB2靶电流为 1.5 A,沉积时间为 4 h。薄膜退火处理:利用马弗炉(L09-S19)对复合薄膜进行 200、450 和 600℃大气退火处理,恒定升温速率为 5℃ / min,保温时间为 1 h,之后在马弗炉中自然冷却。

  • 1.2 薄膜结构表征及其力学性能测试

  • 采用场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM,JMS-6701) 对退火处理前后薄膜的表面形貌进行观察,并利用 EDS 对表面元素进行分析。用 X 射线光电子能谱 (XPS,PerkinElmer PHI-5702)对 450℃退火处理后的复合薄膜表面的化学成分进行分析,并以 C1s=284.8 eV 结合能为基准进行电荷修正。采用聚焦离子束切割(FEI,Helios nanolab600)对 450℃ 退火处理后的磨痕处薄膜取样,并用透射电镜(FEI,Tecnai G2 TF20 FE-TEM)观察截面形貌。用 X 射线衍射仪(Empyrean,λ=1.54 Å,45 kV,40 mA)和拉曼光谱仪(Renishaw,UK)分析退火前后薄膜的组分和结构变化。采用纳米划痕仪(CSC,RST)测试薄膜与基材之间的结合力。采用纳米压痕仪 (Antor Paar,NHT2)测量退火前后薄膜的硬度和弹性模量,每个样取 5 个点进行测试,为了减少基底材料对表面薄膜的影响,压头压入的深度控制在薄膜厚度的10%以内。使用球盘高温摩擦试验机(CSM,YHT01-03591)在室温下测试退火处理前后 TiB2 / WS2 复合薄膜的摩擦学性能,对偶球选用 (Ф6)的 GCr15 钢球,载荷为 5 N,线速度为 10 cm / s,摩擦半径 5 mm,测试距离为 100 m。利用非接触式三维轮廓仪(Micro,XAMD)观察磨痕轮廓,用 Archard 方程计算磨损率:K=V /(S·F), (V 为磨损体积,mm 3S 为滑动距离,m;F 为法向载荷,N)。

  • 2 结果与讨论

  • 2.1 薄膜的显微结构和化学成分分析

  • 图1a、1b 显示了 TiB2 / WS2 复合薄膜的显微结构,复合薄膜的厚度约为 2.59 µm,截面呈现明显的柱状生长模式,表面呈现明显的卷心菜状堆积结构,且这种卷心菜状结构之间存在一定的间隙。溅射沉积薄膜对应的衍射环如图1c 所示,表明复合薄膜呈现非晶态结构。透射电镜中薄膜截面的元素线性分布数据显示出元素含量依次为 W、S、Ti、B,且沿薄膜垂直方向均匀分布如图1d 所示。

  • 为了探究退火温度对复合薄膜摩擦学性能影响,基于 WS2 在 450℃会热氧化分解,把复合薄膜中软质润滑相WS2的分解率作为复合薄膜润滑失效的一个重要衡量标准,通过对不同温度退火处理前后复合薄膜的表面进行 EDS 元素分析,如表1 所示。未退火处理薄膜的 S / W 比约为 1.64,小于 WS2正常计量比 2 的原因是,镀膜缺陷和靶材纯度造成硫元素损失是不可避免的,氧含量为 7.32 at.%。200℃ 退火处理后的薄膜 S / W 略有降低,但基本维持在可形成正常润滑相范围,但氧含量降至 3.40 at.%,说明在镀膜过程中残留在薄膜表面的 O 元素在 200℃退火处理过程中会被蒸发掉。随着退火温度升至 450℃,复合薄膜的氧化程度明显增加,WS2 氧化分解形成 WO3,TiB2 中的 B 元素的流失使得 Ti 元素在薄膜表面形成 TiO2。当退火温度升至 600℃时氧含量高达 45.71 at.%,氧化程度更明显,复合薄膜中润滑相 WS2 因为硫元素大量分解 (>92%)使 S / W 降低至 0.11。随着退火温度不断升高,退火处理后样品的 S / W 发生了明显降低,主要与高温下 WS2 的分解率增加有关。显然,这个结果表明退火处理对复合薄膜的组分有显著的影响。硫含量和 S / W 已被确定为 WS2基复合薄膜中形成足够多的润滑相以实现良好摩擦学行为的关键因素[18-19]。在 S / W=1.33~1.79 范围内和硫总含量(>20%)时,复合薄膜具有低且平稳的摩擦因数。相反,复合薄膜中的 WS2(002)有序定向结构在摩擦过程的的形成就会被阻止[20-21],摩擦学性能下降。

  • 图1 未退火处理复合薄膜形貌

  • Fig.1 Morphology of composite films without annealing treatment

  • 表1 退火处理前后复合薄膜表面主要元素分布

  • Table1 Distribution of main elements on the surface of composite films before and after annealing

  • * Decomposition rate is based on the loss of S

  • 如图2 所示,随着退火温度升至 450℃,薄膜表面出现了明显的局部氧化白色点状物。当退火温度升至 600℃时,复合薄膜的氧化程度进一步加强,且氧化部分增多,表面的空隙增加,导致复合薄膜结构脆化。薄膜与基材之间的热膨胀系数不同导致应力变化不同,使薄膜变脆更容易从基材上剥离并脱落[22-25]

  • 图2 不同温度退火处理前后复合薄膜的表面形貌

  • Fig.2 Surface morphology of composite film before and after annealing at different temperatures

  • 为了确定退火处理前后复合薄膜表面组分的变化情况,利用拉曼光谱对复合薄膜的化学性质和结构进行确认。如图3a 所示拉曼谱图中,WO3、TiO2 的峰强度随着退火温度的升高更加的突出,主要与高温下复合薄膜表面氧化和硫元素的流失有关。通过对 600℃退火处理后复合薄膜表面不同位置的拉曼对比分析,在图3b 中,薄膜表面呈现出许多亮斑状的聚集结构,对比薄膜亮斑点和正常部分可以明显发现,这些亮斑状的成分主要是 WO3 和 TiO2,在亮斑部分观察到 133、258、686、790、980 cm−1 附近的拉曼峰,属于 WO3中 O-W-O 的拉伸运动引起的峰[26],在 144.3、513 cm−1 附近的峰与锐钛矿峰的研究结果一致[27]。根据因子组分析,将 513 cm−1 处的峰可以归结为 A1g+B1gυ2+υ3)模式[28]。从因子面分析可以观察到 A1g 和 B1g 两种模式都涉及到 Ti-O 键垂直于膜面的拉伸。由于 O-Ti-O 键中的氧原子的振动,在 144.3 cm−1 左右的峰值代表锐钛矿的 Eg(υ6)声子模式的尖峰[27]。但是在没有聚集物的地方几乎不会出现 TiO2 的特征拉曼峰,进一步证明了 600℃退火处理的复合薄膜表面会发生物质的变化和转移。

  • 不同温度退火处理前后复合薄膜变化分析如图4 所示,未退火处理薄膜与 200℃退火处理后薄膜的 XRD 谱图几乎相同。它们在 2θ=33°附近并没有显示出不对称的 WS2 的峰,并且也没有出现 TiB2 的峰位,这表明 200℃退火处理和未退火处理的复合薄膜一致,并没有晶体的转变,完全属于无定形结构特征。450℃退火处理后,在 2θ=33°出现弱的 WO3(002)的鼓峰。600℃退火处理后薄膜表面 WS2 完全氧化成 WO3。其中(020)取向峰最强,表明薄膜在生长过程中存在择优取向,且复合薄膜中含有同轴晶向。退火后薄膜的结晶度有所提高,并且在 2θ=54°出现的衍射峰与锐钛矿型 TiO2峰一致[29]。这一结果和拉曼结果一致,表明退火处理后薄膜中生成的 TiO2具有锐钛矿性质。在不同温度退火处理下,在 2θ=14°的典型基面(002)尖峰的缺失表明WS2始终以非晶的形式固溶存在复合薄膜之中。通过对比退火温度前后复合薄膜的 XRD 可以发现,450℃退火处理后薄膜开始由非晶态向晶态转变。

  • 图3 不同温度退火处理前后复合薄膜的拉曼谱图

  • Fig.3 Raman spectra of composite films before and after annealing at different temperatures

  • 图4 不同温度退火处理前后复合薄膜的 XRD 谱图

  • Fig.4 XRD pattern of composite films before and after annealing at different temperatures

  • 为进一步分析 450℃退火处理后复合薄膜表面元素成分和化学键组成,对薄膜进行 XPS 分析,如图5 所示。全谱数据中出现了 W、Ti、O、S、B 元素,与复合薄膜溅射的成分一致。W 和 Ti 主要以其氧化物的形式存在,峰位置分别在 35.2、37.4 eV 和 458.4、464.2 eV。其中 O1s 的两个峰分别与 530.4 eV 处的 WO3和 532.4 eV 处的 TiO2 的相匹配。这种现象是由于大气环境退火过程中薄膜表面吸附了氧气,导致表面氧化。而其中的 S2p 主要以 SO4 2-的形式存在。有文献表明,即使在室温条件下 WS2也会被缓慢氧化成 SO2 和 WO3 [30]。当 SO2 遇到空气中的水时,会产生 H2SO4,导致了 SO4 2-的产生[31],一定程度上加速了薄膜的失效。薄膜表面并没有在 161.2、163.1 eV 出现相应的 WS2,说明高温退火后复合薄膜表面的 WS2 已经分解,同时薄膜表面在 192.4 eV 处也有少量 B2O3 氧化物的存在[32-33]。随着退火温度的升高,一方面,薄膜表面缺陷扩大了与氧气的接触面积;另一方面,高温下氧的扩散速率增加。

  • 图5 450℃退火处理后薄膜表面的 XPS

  • Fig.5 XPS results on coated surface after annealing at 450℃

  • 2.2 复合薄膜的力学性能

  • 材料的摩擦性能和力学性能密切相关,比如高硬度材料往往具有高承载能力和良好的抗磨性能,为了考察退火前后复合薄膜力学性能的变化情况,分别对退火处理前后的复合薄膜进行纳米压痕试验,以评估薄膜的硬度和弹性模量。如图6a 结果所示,随着退火温度的增加,薄膜的弹性模量变化不大,只有 600℃明显减小,与薄膜的显微结构退化有关。薄膜的硬度先增大后减小,200℃退火处理后薄膜硬度最大为 6.37 GPa,说明退火处理可以改变薄膜的硬度。薄膜的耐磨性与硬度具有相同的变化趋势,薄膜的硬度越高,耐磨性越好。图6b 薄膜的抗弹性应变失效(H / E)、塑性变形失效(H3 / E2) 比值和硬度有相同的变化趋势。材料的韧性是其在变形过程中吸收能量直至断裂的能力,因此这两者均与薄膜的韧性有关。其中,较高的 H / EH3 / E2 比值说明薄膜有着较好的抗磨损能力和抗塑性变形能力[33]。当退火温度升至 600℃时,薄膜中氧化相的大量出现,导致薄膜结构致密度下降,薄膜力学性能显著降低。

  • 图6 不同温度退火处理前后复合薄膜的力学性能

  • Fig.6 Mechanical properties of composite films before and after annealing at different temperatures

  • 2.3 摩擦学性能

  • 为了评估退火处理对复合薄膜摩擦学性能的影响,用球盘摩擦试验机在室温下对退火处理前后的复合薄膜进行摩擦测试,结果如图7a 所示。600℃ 退火处理后的复合薄膜在极短的时间内摩擦失效,一方面是因为高温退火时复合薄膜氧化导致显微结构发生破坏和力学性能下降。另一方面是复合薄膜中的硫元素因高温分解率高达 92.9%,而在摩擦过程中因硫元素的缺失难以形成润滑相而瞬间失效。 450℃退火处理后的复合薄膜的摩擦因数出现了明显的波动,这是由于 450℃已经达到了 WS2的氧化温度,退火处理会使复合薄膜表面生成氧化相 WO3 和 TiO2,摩擦因数高于润滑相 WS2,在摩擦过程中氧化相参与摩擦,所以使摩擦因数出现波动且逐渐升高[34]。而 200℃退火处理后复合薄膜的摩擦因数全程低于 0.075,低且平稳,主要是由于 200℃处理后复合薄膜表面的氧元素被蒸发掉,氧化程度降低,薄膜变得致密,硬度增加,一定程度上提升了薄膜的摩擦学性能。未退火处理薄膜在摩擦过程中通过原子重新定向排列形成 WS2 (002)晶面取向,平行于摩擦滑动方向,维持了持续的低摩擦因数。

  • 图7 退火处理前后复合薄膜的摩擦学性能

  • Fig.7 Tribological properties of composite films before and after annealing treatment

  • 图7b 所示复合薄膜的平均磨损率随着退火温度的升高先降低后升高,200℃退火处理后的复合薄膜在室温摩擦测试后具有最低的磨损率,为 9.21×10−6 mm 3 /(m·N)量级。当退火温度升高至 450℃时,薄膜的磨损率出现了及其明显的转折,增加至 6.65×10−5 mm 3 /(m·N)量级,磨损率接近于未退火处理的 3 倍以上,是 200℃ 退火处理后磨损率的 6 倍左右。当退火温度升至 600℃,复合薄膜因为被瞬间磨穿而失效。高温 (≥450℃)退火在一定程度上破坏了 WS2 的晶体结构,降低了其力学性能,从而降低了复合薄膜的润滑性和耐磨性。

  • 对不同温度退火处理前后复合薄膜进行常温摩擦试验后,为进一步全面了解未退火处理复合薄膜的摩擦学性能,利用高温球盘摩擦试验机在动态持续升温(室温至 600℃)过程中评价未退火处理薄膜的摩擦学性能。摩擦因数随温度变化如图8 所示,在经过初期 200 圈左右的跑合期后,进入到持续平稳的低摩擦区域(摩擦因数低于 0.075)一直持续至 3 600 圈左右,称这一区域为 “摩擦稳定区域”,(对应于温度升至 450℃)。表明 WS2 是 450℃以下润滑行为的主要贡献者,生成的少量氧化相混合在摩擦过程中,导致摩擦因数略有波动但整体保持较低水平。当滑行圈数高于 3 600 圈(对应温度高于 450℃)时摩擦因数突增但并没有失效,主要原因是摩擦热 / 氧化诱导生成摩擦因数偏高的 WO3、TiO2 和 B2O3 发挥主要作用。但是当温度接近 600℃时,润滑相 WS2 中的硫元素基本全部分解流失[35-37],以及高温使复合薄膜变软,在开始摩擦的瞬间彻底失效。整体上 TiB2 / WS2 复合薄膜具有优异的热稳定性和持续的润滑性。复合薄膜中除了提供润滑的 WS2 软质相机械响应重新定向形成 WS2(002)来降低摩擦因数外,还有 TiB2 硬质相在宽温域环境中提升抗氧化性的同时保持良好的耐磨性。这种方法替代了单一“理想型”薄膜的标准理念,有效降低了复合薄膜的摩擦因数,并且延长了磨损寿命。

  • 图8 未退火处理的复合薄膜从室温至 600℃ 持续升温过程中的摩擦因数曲线

  • Fig.8 Friction factor curve of unannealed composite film during continuous temperature rise from room temperature to 600℃

  • 对不同温度退火处理前后复合薄膜的磨损表面进行分析,结果如图9 所示,未退火处理薄膜磨痕内有明显的犁沟,磨痕宽度为 180 µm,深度为 0.7 µm。200℃退火处理后薄膜表面相比于未退火处理薄膜的犁沟更浅更窄,磨痕宽度降至 110 µm,深度降至 0.615 µm。而温度高于 200℃的磨痕逐渐趋于更宽更深,且会出现因磨损而引起大量剥落。当退火温度升至 450℃时,氧化相增多引起薄膜结构变得疏松,磨痕宽度增加至 251 µm,深度增加至 1 µm,导致磨损率急剧增加。600℃退火处理破坏了薄膜的整体结构,磨痕宽度达到 300 µm,深度已触及基底材料,使得薄膜瞬时失效。磨痕处的二维轮廓形貌也由“V”型转变成了“U”型,推测是因为 600℃退火处理后的复合薄膜变脆,室温摩擦过程中反复滑动导致磨损表面发生严重的塑性变形而使磨损加重。

  • 450℃时复合薄膜中的润滑相WS2开始出现热氧化分解,严重影响其性能,所以本文用 FIB-TEM照片观察 450℃退火处理后复合薄膜磨痕如图10 所示。图10a 为磨痕处局部的 FIB 图,其表层的 Pt 和 Au 起到保护薄膜作用,450℃高温处理过程中复合薄膜与基材之间因材质不同而导致热膨胀系数差异,引起薄膜的收缩大于基底,而在薄膜与基体连接界面处出现了距离约 130 nm 的空隙[38-39],一定程度上降低了膜基间的结合强度。从图10b 磨痕区域的 HRTEM 照片中可以观察到晶体与非晶体共存,晶体结构 WS2、WO3、TiB2、TiO2 随机贯穿于非晶相中。在顶层位置形成了晶面间距 d 为 0.38 nm 的 WO3(002)结构。可以看出,摩擦后的磨痕处依然在摩擦作用下形成易于剪切滑移水平排列的 WS2(002)长程取向结构(WS2 晶体沿平行于 c-轴方向生长,即 c-axis//取向结构特征),晶体结构的宽度约为 4 nm。晶面间距 d 为 0.20 nm 的 TiB2 纳米晶体和 d 为 0.235 nm 的氧化相 TiO2纳米晶体分布在 WS2 晶体相中。表明 450℃退火处理后薄膜的部分氧化相开始参与摩擦[40]

  • 图9 不同温度退火处理前后复合薄膜磨斑、磨痕形貌和磨痕剖面图

  • Fig.9 Appearance and profile of wear spots and wear marks of composite films before and after annealing at different temperatures

  • 图10 450℃退火处理后复合薄膜磨痕处 FIB-TEM 图像

  • Fig.10 FIB-TEM image at the wear mark of composite films after 450℃ annealing

  • 3 结论

  • (1)通过对复合薄膜进行不同温度下的退火处理,建立薄膜微观结构和摩擦性能失效规律之间的联系,探究宽温域下复合薄膜的组分、结构变化对薄膜摩擦性能的影响机理,可为复合薄膜扩宽其使用温域提供理论基础。

  • (2)不同温度退火处理后复合薄膜展现出不同的摩擦磨损特性。退火处理对复合薄膜的组分、结构、力学性能、摩擦学性能均有影响,200℃退火处理增加了薄膜的致密性,提升了其力学性能,使得薄膜显示出良好的减摩耐磨性能。

  • (3)只对退火处理前后的复合薄膜在常温下进行了形貌的观察、性能的测试和分析,明确了常温下薄膜的失稳机制。动态持续升温过程中复合薄膜在不同温度下的结构和性能变化仍有待进一步研究。

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    • [4] XU S S,GAO X M,SUN J Y,et al.Comparative study of moisture corrosion to WS2 and WS2/Cu multilayer films[J].Surface & Coatings Technology,2014:1-9.

    • [5] ZABINSKI J S,FLORKEY J E,WALVCK SD,et al.Friction properties of WS2/Graphite fluoride thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition[J].Surface and Coatings Technology,1995,76-77:400-406.

    • [6] OMALA T A,A.PAUSVCHITZ A,ROY M,et al.Influence of carbon content on the nanotribology of W-S-C films[J].International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering,2011,5(1):3-19.

    • [7] TEER D G.New solid lubricant coatings[J].Wear,2001,251(1/12):1068-1074.

    • [8] 王茹,李红轩,吉利,等.MoS2 基复合薄膜真空高温摩擦学性能及其机理研究[J].摩擦学学报,2023,43(1):73-82.WANG Ru,LI Hongxuan,JI Li,et al.Tribological properties of MoS2-based composite films at different temperature in vacuum and its mechanism[J].Tribology,2023,43(1):73-82.(in Chinese)

    • [9] GILMORE R,BAKER M A,GIBSON P N,et al.Low-friction TiN-MoS2 coatings produced by dc magnetron co-deposition[J].Surface and Coatings Technology,1998,108-109:345-351.

    • [10] DEBNĂROVĂ S,VAŠINA P.The tribological properties of short range ordered W-B-C frotective coatings prepared by pulsed magnetron sputtering[J].Surface & Coatings Technology,2019,357,364-371.

    • [11] CAO H T,WEN F,TH M J,et al.Instant WS2 platelets reorientation of self-adaptive WS2/a-C tribocoating[J].Tribology Letters,2018,229,64-67.

    • [12] PANIVCH N,SUN Y.Effect of substrate rotation on structure,hardness and adhesion of magnetron sputtered TiB2 coating on high speed steel[J].Thin Solid Films,2006,500(1-2):190-196.

    • [13] 刘进龙,李红轩,吉利,等.TiB2掺杂 WS2复合薄膜的宽温域摩擦学性能研究[J].表面技术,2023,52(6):235-245.LIU Jinlong,LI hongxuan,JI LI,et al.Tribological properties of TiB2 doped WS2 composite films in wide temperature range[J].Surface Technology,2023,52(6):235-245.(in Chinese)

    • [14] SAMIRA D,JUSTINAS P,GRZEGORZ G,et al.Oxidation kinetics of overstoichiometric TiB2 thin films grown by DC magnetron sputtering[J].Corrosion Science,2022,206:110493-110493.

    • [15] CHI H T,JIANG L T,CHEN G Q,et al.The tribological behavior evolution of TiB2/Al composites from running-in stage to steady stage[J].Wear,2016,368-369:304-313.

    • [16] HENNING M,ALEXANDRA W,DAVID K,et al.Resonant raman scattering characterization of thermally annealed HiPIMS deposited MoS coatings[J].Surface and Coatings Technology,2019,377(C):124891-124891.

    • [17] PARTHASARATHY T A,RAPP R A,OPEKA M,et al.A model for the oxidation of ZrB2,HfB2 and TiB2[J].Acta Materialia,2007,55(17):5999-6010.

    • [18] NYBERG H,SUNDBERG J,SĂRHAMMAR E,et al.Extreme friction reductions during initial running-in of W-S-C-Ti low-friction coatings[J].Wear,2013,302(1-2):987-997.

    • [19] 宋玉波,代明江,余志明,等.磁控溅射 WS2薄膜的制备工艺及其性能[J].真空,2011,48(2):25-27.SONG Yubo,DAI Mingjiang,YU Zhiming,et al.Tungsten disulfide films deposited by magnetron sputteringand their propertie[J].Vacuum,2011,48(2):25-27.(in Chinese)

    • [20] CAO H T,WEN F,KUMAR S,et al.On the S/W stoichiometry and tribo performance of WSxC(H)coatings deposited by magnetron sputtering[J].Surface & Coatings Technology,2019,365:41-45.

    • [21] VOEVODIN A A,O'NEILL J P,ZABINSKI J S.Nanocomposite tribological coatings for aerospace applications[J].Surface & Coatings Technology,1999:116-119.

    • [22] DU G Y,BA D C,TAN Z,et al.Tribological behavior of radio-frequency sputtering WS2 thin films with vacuum annealing[J].Thin Solid Films,2011,520(2):849-852.

    • [23] ANNETT T,JOSEFINE H.S,ERIK S.Marstein oxidation effects on graded porous silicon anti[J].Journal of the Electrochemical Society,2012,159(5):D276-D281.

    • [24] WALEED A,MO S A K,SAMIRA B,et al.Enhancing the tribological behavior of lubricating oil by adding TiO2,Graphene,and TiO2/Graphene nanoparticles[J].Tribology Transactions,2019,62(3):452-463.

    • [25] GAO P Y,MA Y D,SUN W W,et al.Microstructure and properties of Al2O3-ZrO2-TiO2 composite coatings prepared by plasma spraying[J].Rare Metals,2021,40(7):1825-1834.

    • [26] BAI S L,ZHANG K W,WANG L S,et al.Synthesis mechanism and gas-sensing application of nanosheetassembled tungsten oxide microspheres[J].Chemicals & Chemistry,2014,2(21):7927-7934.

    • [27] SIBEL G,HAKAN O,SEYDA H,et al.Variation of structural and optical properties of TiO2 films prepared by DC magnetron sputtering method with annealing temperature[J].Materials Science and Engineering:B,2020,262:114782-114782.

    • [28] KARUNAGARAN B,RAJENDRA R T,SENTHIL V,et al.Structural characterization of DC magnetron-sputtered TiO2 thin films using XRD and Raman scattering studies[J].Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing,2003,6(5-6):547-550.

    • [29] CHHABRA V,PILLAI V,MISHRA B K,et al.Synthesis,characterization,and properties of microemulsionmediated nanophase TiO2 particles[J].Langmuir,2002,11(9):3307-3311.

    • [30] FEDERICO M P,MARIA S S,CHIARA G,et al.MoS2/WS2 heterojunction for photoelectrochemical water oxidation[J].ACS Catalysis,2017,7(8):4990-4998.

    • [31] DAVIDE B,GIORGIO C,ALBERTO G,et al.Novel two-step vapor-phase synthesis of UV-Vis light active Fe2O3/WO3 nanocomposites for phenol degradation[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2016,23(20):20350-20359.

    • [32] CHEN J J,SUN Q C,CHEN W Y,et al.High-temperature tribological behaviors of ZrO2/h-BN/SiC composite under air and vacuum environments[J].Tribology International,2021,154:106748-106748.

    • [33] LEYLAND A,MATTHEWS A.On the significance of the H/E ratio in wear control:a nanocomposite coating approach to optimised tribological behaviour[J].Wear,2000,246(1):1-11.

    • [34] ALINA K,TOM T.Oxidation of TiB2 powders below 900 o C [J].Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1996,79(2):518-520.

    • [35] ZHAO G L,WANG J H,DENG Y Y et al.The study of the tribological properties of TiB2/Cr multilayered coatings over a wide temperature range[J].Journal of Materials Research and Technology,2022,16:290-301.

    • [36] ZHU J N,ZENG Q F,WANG Y F,et al.Nanocrystallization-driven high temperature self-lubricating properties of magnetron-sputtered WS2 coatings[J].Tribology Letters,2020,68(1):75-78.

    • [37] WONG K C,LU X,COTTER J,et al.Surface and friction characterization of MoS2 and WS2 third body thin films under simulated wheel/rail rolling-sliding contact[J].Wear,2008,264(7-8):526-534.

    • [38] CAO H T,MOMAAND J,SYARIATI A,et al.Temperature-adaptive ultralubricity of a WS2/a-C nanocomposite coating:Performance from room temperature up to 500 ℃[J].ACS Appl Mater Interfaces,2021,13(24):28843-28854.

    • [39] POLYAKOV M N,MORSTEIN M,MAEDER X,et al.Effect of annealing on adhesion of TiB2 films deposited by pulsed magnetron sputtering[J].Surface Engineering,2013,26(8):567-570.

    • [40] BABAK B,JUSTINAS P,THÓRNBERG J,et al.Improving the high-temperature oxidation resistance of TiB2 thin films by alloying with Al[J].Acta Materialia,2020,196:677-689.

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 北京航空材料研究所.航空材料学[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1985.Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials.Aeronautical materials science[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Science and Technology Press,1985.(in Chinese)

    • [2] VOEVODIN A,ZABINSKI C.Recent advances in hard,tough,and low friction nanocomposite coatings[J].Tsinghua Science and Technology,2005,10(6):665-679.

    • [3] COHE S R,RAPOPORT L,PONOMAREV E A,et al.CClement.The tribological behavior of type II textured MX2(M=Mo,W,X = S,Se)films[J].Thin Solid Films,1998,324(1-2):190-197.

    • [4] XU S S,GAO X M,SUN J Y,et al.Comparative study of moisture corrosion to WS2 and WS2/Cu multilayer films[J].Surface & Coatings Technology,2014:1-9.

    • [5] ZABINSKI J S,FLORKEY J E,WALVCK SD,et al.Friction properties of WS2/Graphite fluoride thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition[J].Surface and Coatings Technology,1995,76-77:400-406.

    • [6] OMALA T A,A.PAUSVCHITZ A,ROY M,et al.Influence of carbon content on the nanotribology of W-S-C films[J].International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering,2011,5(1):3-19.

    • [7] TEER D G.New solid lubricant coatings[J].Wear,2001,251(1/12):1068-1074.

    • [8] 王茹,李红轩,吉利,等.MoS2 基复合薄膜真空高温摩擦学性能及其机理研究[J].摩擦学学报,2023,43(1):73-82.WANG Ru,LI Hongxuan,JI Li,et al.Tribological properties of MoS2-based composite films at different temperature in vacuum and its mechanism[J].Tribology,2023,43(1):73-82.(in Chinese)

    • [9] GILMORE R,BAKER M A,GIBSON P N,et al.Low-friction TiN-MoS2 coatings produced by dc magnetron co-deposition[J].Surface and Coatings Technology,1998,108-109:345-351.

    • [10] DEBNĂROVĂ S,VAŠINA P.The tribological properties of short range ordered W-B-C frotective coatings prepared by pulsed magnetron sputtering[J].Surface & Coatings Technology,2019,357,364-371.

    • [11] CAO H T,WEN F,TH M J,et al.Instant WS2 platelets reorientation of self-adaptive WS2/a-C tribocoating[J].Tribology Letters,2018,229,64-67.

    • [12] PANIVCH N,SUN Y.Effect of substrate rotation on structure,hardness and adhesion of magnetron sputtered TiB2 coating on high speed steel[J].Thin Solid Films,2006,500(1-2):190-196.

    • [13] 刘进龙,李红轩,吉利,等.TiB2掺杂 WS2复合薄膜的宽温域摩擦学性能研究[J].表面技术,2023,52(6):235-245.LIU Jinlong,LI hongxuan,JI LI,et al.Tribological properties of TiB2 doped WS2 composite films in wide temperature range[J].Surface Technology,2023,52(6):235-245.(in Chinese)

    • [14] SAMIRA D,JUSTINAS P,GRZEGORZ G,et al.Oxidation kinetics of overstoichiometric TiB2 thin films grown by DC magnetron sputtering[J].Corrosion Science,2022,206:110493-110493.

    • [15] CHI H T,JIANG L T,CHEN G Q,et al.The tribological behavior evolution of TiB2/Al composites from running-in stage to steady stage[J].Wear,2016,368-369:304-313.

    • [16] HENNING M,ALEXANDRA W,DAVID K,et al.Resonant raman scattering characterization of thermally annealed HiPIMS deposited MoS coatings[J].Surface and Coatings Technology,2019,377(C):124891-124891.

    • [17] PARTHASARATHY T A,RAPP R A,OPEKA M,et al.A model for the oxidation of ZrB2,HfB2 and TiB2[J].Acta Materialia,2007,55(17):5999-6010.

    • [18] NYBERG H,SUNDBERG J,SĂRHAMMAR E,et al.Extreme friction reductions during initial running-in of W-S-C-Ti low-friction coatings[J].Wear,2013,302(1-2):987-997.

    • [19] 宋玉波,代明江,余志明,等.磁控溅射 WS2薄膜的制备工艺及其性能[J].真空,2011,48(2):25-27.SONG Yubo,DAI Mingjiang,YU Zhiming,et al.Tungsten disulfide films deposited by magnetron sputteringand their propertie[J].Vacuum,2011,48(2):25-27.(in Chinese)

    • [20] CAO H T,WEN F,KUMAR S,et al.On the S/W stoichiometry and tribo performance of WSxC(H)coatings deposited by magnetron sputtering[J].Surface & Coatings Technology,2019,365:41-45.

    • [21] VOEVODIN A A,O'NEILL J P,ZABINSKI J S.Nanocomposite tribological coatings for aerospace applications[J].Surface & Coatings Technology,1999:116-119.

    • [22] DU G Y,BA D C,TAN Z,et al.Tribological behavior of radio-frequency sputtering WS2 thin films with vacuum annealing[J].Thin Solid Films,2011,520(2):849-852.

    • [23] ANNETT T,JOSEFINE H.S,ERIK S.Marstein oxidation effects on graded porous silicon anti[J].Journal of the Electrochemical Society,2012,159(5):D276-D281.

    • [24] WALEED A,MO S A K,SAMIRA B,et al.Enhancing the tribological behavior of lubricating oil by adding TiO2,Graphene,and TiO2/Graphene nanoparticles[J].Tribology Transactions,2019,62(3):452-463.

    • [25] GAO P Y,MA Y D,SUN W W,et al.Microstructure and properties of Al2O3-ZrO2-TiO2 composite coatings prepared by plasma spraying[J].Rare Metals,2021,40(7):1825-1834.

    • [26] BAI S L,ZHANG K W,WANG L S,et al.Synthesis mechanism and gas-sensing application of nanosheetassembled tungsten oxide microspheres[J].Chemicals & Chemistry,2014,2(21):7927-7934.

    • [27] SIBEL G,HAKAN O,SEYDA H,et al.Variation of structural and optical properties of TiO2 films prepared by DC magnetron sputtering method with annealing temperature[J].Materials Science and Engineering:B,2020,262:114782-114782.

    • [28] KARUNAGARAN B,RAJENDRA R T,SENTHIL V,et al.Structural characterization of DC magnetron-sputtered TiO2 thin films using XRD and Raman scattering studies[J].Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing,2003,6(5-6):547-550.

    • [29] CHHABRA V,PILLAI V,MISHRA B K,et al.Synthesis,characterization,and properties of microemulsionmediated nanophase TiO2 particles[J].Langmuir,2002,11(9):3307-3311.

    • [30] FEDERICO M P,MARIA S S,CHIARA G,et al.MoS2/WS2 heterojunction for photoelectrochemical water oxidation[J].ACS Catalysis,2017,7(8):4990-4998.

    • [31] DAVIDE B,GIORGIO C,ALBERTO G,et al.Novel two-step vapor-phase synthesis of UV-Vis light active Fe2O3/WO3 nanocomposites for phenol degradation[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2016,23(20):20350-20359.

    • [32] CHEN J J,SUN Q C,CHEN W Y,et al.High-temperature tribological behaviors of ZrO2/h-BN/SiC composite under air and vacuum environments[J].Tribology International,2021,154:106748-106748.

    • [33] LEYLAND A,MATTHEWS A.On the significance of the H/E ratio in wear control:a nanocomposite coating approach to optimised tribological behaviour[J].Wear,2000,246(1):1-11.

    • [34] ALINA K,TOM T.Oxidation of TiB2 powders below 900 o C [J].Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1996,79(2):518-520.

    • [35] ZHAO G L,WANG J H,DENG Y Y et al.The study of the tribological properties of TiB2/Cr multilayered coatings over a wide temperature range[J].Journal of Materials Research and Technology,2022,16:290-301.

    • [36] ZHU J N,ZENG Q F,WANG Y F,et al.Nanocrystallization-driven high temperature self-lubricating properties of magnetron-sputtered WS2 coatings[J].Tribology Letters,2020,68(1):75-78.

    • [37] WONG K C,LU X,COTTER J,et al.Surface and friction characterization of MoS2 and WS2 third body thin films under simulated wheel/rail rolling-sliding contact[J].Wear,2008,264(7-8):526-534.

    • [38] CAO H T,MOMAAND J,SYARIATI A,et al.Temperature-adaptive ultralubricity of a WS2/a-C nanocomposite coating:Performance from room temperature up to 500 ℃[J].ACS Appl Mater Interfaces,2021,13(24):28843-28854.

    • [39] POLYAKOV M N,MORSTEIN M,MAEDER X,et al.Effect of annealing on adhesion of TiB2 films deposited by pulsed magnetron sputtering[J].Surface Engineering,2013,26(8):567-570.

    • [40] BABAK B,JUSTINAS P,THÓRNBERG J,et al.Improving the high-temperature oxidation resistance of TiB2 thin films by alloying with Al[J].Acta Materialia,2020,196:677-689.

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