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作者简介:

邢洪旋,男,硕士研究生。主要研究方向为金属表面处理、水溶液电化学和资源综合回收利用。E-mail: xhx17070958303@163.com

通讯作者:

李继东,男,教授,博士研究生导师。主要研究方向为熔盐电化学、金属表面处理和资源综合回收利用。E-mail: lijidong1014@163.com

中图分类号:TG156;TB114

DOI:10.11933/j.issn.1007-9289.20230611001

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目录contents

    摘要

    针对硅钢的耐蚀性和软磁性能的问题,提出在硅钢表面诱导共沉积制备 Co-Fe 软磁合金镀层的工艺。采用 SEM、XRD 与 VSM 分析镀层微观形貌、相结构及软磁性能,并研究硫酸钴浓度、沉积电流密度、pH 以及酒石酸钠浓度等工艺参数对镀层微观结构以及镀层元素含量的影响。结果表明:硫酸钴浓度 20 g·L1 ,酒石酸钠浓度 45 g·L1 ,pH=8,电流密度 0.3 A·cm2 为最优工艺参数,且镀层形貌致密,晶粒分布均匀;各个不同工艺参数下得到镀层的相结构均为 Co7Fe3,且择优取向无显著差别;当钴含量达到 65.11%时,饱和磁化强度达到 209 emu·g1 ((A·m2 ) / kg),矫顽力低于 4 Oe(1 Oe =79.6 A / m),镀层具有最优的软磁性能。在 pH=5 的酸性溶液中,钴铁合金镀层的腐蚀电位正移了 0.012 V,自腐蚀电流密度降低为 2.86 μA·cm2 , 具有更好的耐蚀性能。通过对硅钢表面诱导共沉积 Co-Fe 软磁合金进行研究,为今后的硅钢资源防护利用提供了新思路。

    Abstract

    Most scholars have investigated silicon steel coated with an insulating varnish and a magnesium silicate substrate covering the surface of silicon steel. However, before silicon steel is coated with an insulating varnish, it is exposed to an uncontrolled environment, which significantly increases the risk of corrosion. Therefore, investigating processes that enhance the corrosion resistance of silicon steel without affecting its soft magnetic properties is crucial. In this study, the process of preparing Co-Fe soft magnetic alloy plating by induced co-deposition on the surface of silicon steel is proposed to address the problems of corrosion resistance and soft magnetic properties of silicon steel. In addition, sodium saccharin(C7H8NNaO4S) is a commonly used additive in the plating process of sodium saccharin in the sulfur element; although the content of a very small amount of the plating layer and its soft magnetic properties have a negative impact, non-toxic and non-polluting sodium tartrate, instead of sodium saccharin, was used in this study. After preparing the Co-Fe soft magnetic alloy coating, the microstructure of the coating and change of elemental content were studied in detail using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy; the phase structure composition of the coating and peak diffraction intensity were analyzed using X-ray diffraction; and the soft magnetic properties were investigated using the hysteresis line measured by vibrating-sample magnetometry. The process parameters such as cobalt sulfate concentration,deposition current density, pH, and sodium tartrate concentration were optimized step by step by the above test methods, and the optimal process parameters were selected and the optimal coating structure was constructed by analyzing the microstructure of the plating layer and the variation of the elemental content of the plating layer. The results show that the optimum process parameters are 20 g·L1 cobalt sulfate, 45 g·L1 sodium tartrate, pH=8, and 0.3 A·cm2 current density, and the plated layer has a dense morphology and uniform grain distribution. In addition, the phase structure of the plated layer was Co7Fe3 with no significant difference in the preferred orientation for each process parameter. Cobalt content that is excessively high or low in the coating has a negative effect on the soft magnetic properties; when the cobalt content reaches 65.11%, the saturation magnetization strength reaches 209 emu·g1 ((A·m2 ) / kg), the coercivity is below 4 Oe(1 Oe=79.6 A / m), and the plating has optimal soft magnetic properties, which meets the national requirements of the soft magnetic properties of silicon steel. In the corrosion test, the corrosion solution used in previous studies was a NaCl solution with a mass fraction of 3.5%, but the working environment of the silicon steel of the transformer core was exposed to air or was in a harsh acidic environment. Therefore, the corrosion solution we selected was a vented acidic solution (HCl) with pH 3, 4, and 5, and vented deionized water, to simulate the actual production and storage environment and to ensure that the oxygen was saturated. The test studies on corrosion performance revealed that the corrosion potential of cobalt-iron alloy plating was positively shifted by 0.012 V and the self-corrosion current density was reduced to 2.86 μA·cm2 in pH = 5 acidic solutions, which provided more optimized corrosion resistance. Compared with the traditional silicon steel surface coating, insulating varnish, and magnesium silicate substrate research, the electrodeposition of Co-Fe soft magnetic alloy is a new type of protection method, and the future surface treatment of silicon steel has reference significance.

  • 0 前言

  • 硅钢也称为电工钢,是一种具有高硅含量(通常在 2%~4%)的特殊钢材。硅钢的主要特点是低矫顽力和高饱和磁化强度,成为电工领域中广泛应用的材料[1-3]。硅钢作为变压器中铁心的核心部件,产量与日俱增,但是它长期的运转及使用环境的恶劣,不仅使硅钢表面质量下降,例如硅钢片表面产生锈蚀,孔洞和划伤[4],还导致硅钢软磁性能下降,例如饱和磁感应强度下降,磁滞损耗增多,矫顽力增大等诸多损伤[5]。软磁性能的下降以及表面的锈蚀造成了数以百万硅钢资源的浪费,面对如此庞大的市场以及较高的利润使全球各国开始关注硅钢的表面防护[6]

  • 目前大部分学者针对硅钢涂覆绝缘漆[7]及硅钢表面覆盖的硅酸镁底层进行了研究[8]。在硅钢涂覆绝缘漆之前,它会暴露在不可控的环境中,这极大地增加了被腐蚀的风险[9]。因此研究一种既不影响硅钢的软磁性能,又增强硅钢耐腐蚀性能的工艺至关重要。

  • CHIVAVIBUL 等[10]提出在硅钢表面电沉积 Ni-Co-P 镀层,并研究不同厚度的镀层对硅钢磁滞损耗的影响,发现 1 mm 的 Ni-Co 镀层降低了 4%的磁滞损耗,但是并没给出该合金对其他软磁性能以及耐腐蚀性能的影响。GOEL 等[11]在硅钢表面涂覆了 Co-Ni-P 镀层,磁滞损耗减少了 9%,矫顽力增加了 10%,但降低了饱和磁感应强度,并且指出在硅钢表面沉积钴基合金有助于提升软磁性能,降低磁滞损耗。ZHANG 等[12]通过在铜基体上电沉积得到钴基合金,指出当镀层中钴的浓度在 65%左右时,钴基合金的饱和磁感应强度最高,软磁性能最好。同时 CHANSENA 等[9]研究表明,钴铁合金中钴含量在 62.3%以上时拥有非常好的耐腐蚀性能。除此之外,糖精钠作为电镀工艺中常用的添加剂,在电镀过程中糖精钠(C7H8NNaO4S)里面的硫元素尽管以极少的含量出现在镀层中,它对软磁性能产生了不利影响[13-14]。本文选择利用无毒无污染的酒石酸钠替代糖精钠,提出在硅钢表面电沉积 Co-Fe 合金的工艺,维护了硅钢的软磁性能并且提高耐腐蚀性。该工艺为今后的硅钢资源防护利用提供了新思路。

  • 1 试验准备

  • 1.1 样品制备

  • 采用10 mm×10 mm×0.5 mm的B50A250硅钢作为阴极,20 mm×10 mm×0.5 mm 的石墨为阳极,极间距为 20 mm。诱导共沉积钴铁合金之前,分别用 400、800、1200、1500 和 2000 目的砂纸进行打磨抛光。阴极硅钢板用 5%的盐酸进行清洗活化以去除表面的膜,提高镀层与基体的结合力,之后用去离子水冲洗;在丙醇中超声处理 5 min,电沉积之前用热风干燥;除此之外,在电沉积前用氮气对电镀液进行 30 min 的吹洗。诱导共沉积 Co-Fe 合金的工艺如图1 所示。试验所用试剂的种类及其浓度见表1。

  • 表1 诱导共沉积镀液成分

  • Table1 Plating solution composition for induced co-deposition

  • 1.2 结构表征及性能测试

  • 用 TESCAN 公司的 VEGA3SBH-Easyprobe 扫描电镜(SEM)观察样品的表面形貌,并采用 Bruker 能谱仪(EDS)分析样品成分。采用 Lake Shore 公司生产的 M-7407 振动样品磁强计(VSM)测定磁滞回线。

  • 在腐蚀测试中,以往研究中的腐蚀溶液采用的是质量分数为 3.5%的 NaCl 溶液,但变压器铁心的硅钢工作环境暴露于空气中,或者处于恶劣的酸性环境中,因此选取的腐蚀溶液是 pH 3、pH 4、pH 5 的通气酸性溶液(HCl)和通气去离子水,以模拟实际的生产储存环境,确保氧气的饱和度;参比电极采用 Ag / AgCl 电极,辅助电极采用性能稳定的铂片,工作电极采用 Co-Fe 合金镀层。

  • 图1 硅钢表面诱导共沉积钴铁合金工艺流程

  • Fig.1 Process of induced co-deposition of Co-Fe alloy on silicon steel surface

  • 2 结果与讨论

  • 2.1 Co-Fe 合金显微形貌

  • 2.1.1 CoSO4 浓度的影响

  • 控制镀液pH=8,温度50℃,转速100 r·min−1,酒石酸钠浓度 35 g·L−1,电镀时间 60 min,电流密度 0.40 A·cm−2,所得镀层微观形貌与镀层中钴铁含量变化如图2 和 3 所示。

  • 从图2 中可以看出,随着硫酸钴含量的增加, Co-Fe 合金镀层的微观晶粒不断增大,凸出晶粒逐渐增多,通过进一步放大可以看出,钴铁合金微观形貌呈菜花状,菜花状与文献中的描述一致[15],晶粒尺寸均在 1 μm 以下,表面致密;从图3 的含量变化可以看出,随着硫酸钴用量的增加,镀层中钴含量增加,金属含量的变化与 SEM 表征相符;引起钴含量增多,铁含量降低是因为镀层沉积主要为镀液中金属离子在电极表面与 OH 形成中间产物Me(OH)ads 将其还原脱去 OH 形成金属单质的过程[16]。随着硫酸钴含量的增加,形成的中间产物 Co(OH)ads 增多,还原速度增大,钴含量增多,沉积层重叠性增强,导致凸出晶粒增多。通过 SEM 表征与镀层钴含量综合考虑,选取最优硫酸钴浓度为 20 g·L−1

  • 图2 CoSO4浓度对 Co-Fe 合金镀层微观形貌影响

  • Fig.2 Effect of CoSO4 concentration on the microscopic morphology of Co-Fe alloy coatings

  • 图3 CoSO4浓度对镀层中钴、铁含量的影响

  • Fig.3 Effect of CoSO4 concentration on the content of cobalt and iron in the plated layer

  • 2.1.2 酒石酸钠浓度的影响

  • 控制镀液 pH=8,温度 50℃,转速为 100 r·min−1,硫酸钴浓度 20 g·L−1,电镀时间 60 min,电流密度 0.40 A·cm−2,所得镀层微观形貌与镀层中钴铁含量变化如图4 和 5 所示。

  • 从图4 的 SEM 表征可以看出,随着酒石酸钠浓度的提高,镀层表面逐渐平滑,当增加到 45 g·L−1 时,镀层表面最为平整。随着酒石酸钠浓度的持续增加,镀层表面有一些凸起,来自于高浓度的酒石酸钠与钴、亚铁离子结合力太强,使得一些被还原的晶体持续生长,而生成晶体减少。随着酒石酸钠浓度的提高,镀层中钴含量升高,铁含量下降,酒石酸钠浓度达到 45 g·L−1 时,镀层中钴的质量含量达到 65.11%,随着浓度的增加,镀层中钴含量升高到 70%左右以后变化不大。这是因为当酒石酸钠浓度升高时,它可以控制离子的活性,使得钴离子更容易还原成钴金属,从而将其沉积在电极上形成镀层。与此同时,酒石酸钠对铁离子的还原作用也会发生影响,使其还原的速率下降,因此铁离子的沉积速率也会减慢,使得其含量相应降低。根据 ZHANG 等[12] 的研究表明,合金中钴含量在 65%左右可以达到最佳的软磁性能,除此之外,高浓度的酒石酸钠与钴、亚铁离子的络合能力太强,在电镀过程中,络合物不能有效释放出钴与亚铁离子,导致基体表面部分区域未施镀;通过 SEM 表征与镀层钴含量综合考虑,选取最优酒石酸钠浓度为 45 g·L−1

  • 图4 酒石酸钠浓度对 Co-Fe 合金镀层微观形貌影响

  • Fig.4 Effect of sodium tartrate concentration on the microscopic morphology of Co-Fe alloy coatings

  • 图5 酒石酸钠浓度对镀层中钴、铁含量的影响

  • Fig.5 Effect of sodium tartrate concentration on the content of cobalt and iron in the plated layer

  • 2.1.3 pH 的影响

  • 控制镀液温度 50℃,转速为 100 r·min−1,酒石酸钠浓度 45 g·L−1,电镀时间为 60 min,电流密度 0.40 A·cm−2,硫酸钴浓度为 20 g·L−1,所得镀层微观形貌与镀层中钴铁含量变化如图6和7所示。

  • 从图6 的 SEM 表征可以看出,随着 pH 的增加,镀层表面逐渐粗糙,当增加到 pH 为 10 的时候,镀层中出现碎片,经过 EDS 检测分析,碎片为 C,且质量分数为 7.61%,试验过程中石墨阳极有部分破碎,推测 C 部分来源于阳极板石墨。随着 pH 的增加,过高的 pH 会破坏阳极石墨板,使其在通电过程中脱落一部分,而随着里面的电磁搅拌,一部分石墨会随着脱落进入到镀层中,导致镀层结构遭到破坏,表面逐渐粗糙。从图7 可以看出,随着 pH 的增加,钴含量降低,铁含量升高;而 pH 超过 9,由于溶液碱性增强,破坏阳极石墨,使得石墨碎片进入镀层中,导致钴含量极具下降;铁含量增加[16] 是由于 H+ 的电子增加了极板附近的 OH 局部浓度,而 Co2+对 OH-的吸附能力要低于 Fe2+。DAHMS 和 CROLL[17-18]提出了一个基于氢氧化物异常共沉积模型,这个模型后来被修改,强调了电离水解产物的作用。研究表明,离子中间体在电极上的吸附比溶液中的化学反应更重要,它被认为在 Fe 对 Co 在阴极表面成核和生长中起到了抑制作用。当选择石墨作为阳极时,电沉积钴铁合金镀层,溶液的 pH 过高不利于镀层的均匀、阳极板的保护以及镀层中钴含量。通过 SEM 表征与镀层钴含量综合考虑,选取最优 pH 为 8。

  • 图6 不同 pH 对 Co-Fe 合金镀层微观形貌影响

  • Fig.6 Effect of different pH on the microscopic morphology of Co-Fe alloy coatings

  • 图7 pH 对镀层中钴、铁含量的影响

  • Fig.7 Effect of pH on the content of cobalt and iron in the plated layer

  • 2.1.4 电流密度的影响

  • 控制镀液 pH=8,温度 50℃,转速为 100 r·min−1,酒石酸钠浓度 40 g·L−1,电镀时间为 60 min,硫酸钴浓度为 20 g·L−1,所得镀层微观形貌与镀层中钴铁含量变化如图8 和 9 所示。

  • 图8 不同电流密度对 Co-Fe 合金镀层微观形貌影响

  • Fig.8 Effect of different current densities on the microscopic morphology of Co-Fe alloy coatings

  • 图9 电流密度对镀层中钴、铁含量的影响

  • Fig.9 Effect of current density on the content of cobalt and iron in the plated layer

  • 从不同电流密度下的 SEM 表征可以看出,低电流密度得到的合金镀层较高电流密度更为平整均匀,而 0.30 A·cm−2 最佳;随着电流密度的升高,反应速度迅速提高,镀层均匀性有所提高,但是电流密度超过限度时,会导致阴极过烧,阴极边缘出现树枝状结晶,晶体生长速度增大,造成部分颗粒凸起,影响镀层表面平整度,并且在实际的电沉积过程中,毛刺现象严重。镀层中钴含量的升高是因为电沉积过程中,当电流密度增加时,会增加电极表面的活性位点,从而促进钴的沉积,导致钴含量上升。通过 SEM 表征与镀层钴含量综合考虑,选取最优电流密度为 0.30 A·cm−2

  • 2.1.5 最优工艺下的钴铁镀层

  • 控制镀液 pH=8,温度 50℃,转速为 100 r·min−1,酒石酸钠浓度 45 g·L−1,电镀时间为 60 min,硫酸钴浓度为 20 g·L−1,电流密度 0.30 A·cm−2,所得镀层微观形貌与镀层中钴铁分布如图10 所示。

  • 镀层表面呈现银灰色,有很好的光亮性,且极为致密。Co 和 Fe 两种元素均匀地分布在镀层表面。并且实际制备得到的镀层表面没有裂纹,经过高黏度 PET 胶带反复粘取,镀层没有剥落与损伤,结合力良好。

  • 图10 钴铁元素分布图

  • Fig.10 Distribution of cobalt and iron elements

  • 2.2 Co-Fe 合金结构

  • 如图11 所示,各个最优条件下的 XRD 表征衍射峰均出现在 2θ= 45°和 2θ= 83°附近,但是该 XRD 图谱存在着很多杂峰,且衍射峰强度不高,说明镀层的结晶度不高,处于晶态和非晶态之间。镀层表面合金元素组成变化不大,主要组成均为 Co7Fe3,并且合金是沿着(110)和(211)生长的。从图中均未看出纯金属钴、铁单独的衍射峰,而它们出现强峰的位置又非常接近,因此可以认为镀层中钴、铁没有单独成相。Co7Fe3 的晶格常数 a= 2.840 3 Å,b= 2.840 3 Å,c= 2.840 3 Å,α=β=γ=90°属于立方晶系。

  • 图11 最优条件下的 XRD

  • Fig.11 XRD under optimal conditions

  • 2.3 钴铁合金性能研究

  • 2.3.1 合金软磁性能

  • 从图12 可以看出,不同含量的 Co7Fe3 合金的饱和磁化强度均大于 190 emu·g−1,矫顽力均小于12.5 Oe,满足国家对电工钢软磁性能的要求[19-20]; 随着钴含量的增加,合金的矫顽力逐渐增加,对于 d 族过渡金属,如铁钴,3d 电子层具有空位,而根据自发磁化理论中描述[21],在原子的电子壳层中存在没有被电子填满的状态是产生铁磁性的必要条件,铁有 4 个未填满的空腔,钴有 3 个,钴的电子结构更稳定,因此钴具有较高的磁矩。所以随着钴含量的增加总磁矩增加,矫顽力也增加。随着钴含量的增加,饱和磁化强度先增加后减小,与文献中钴含量在 65%左右的变化情况相似。文献[21]表明,当钴含量达到一定比例时,钴元素在钴铁合金中的作用达到饱和,继续增加钴含量反而会导致合金中晶界、位错密度增加,从而影响磁畴的形成和磁矩定向,导致饱和磁化强度下降。因此,在硅钢表面诱导共沉积 Co-Fe 合金时要合理控制 Co 含量,以此达到最优的软磁性能。

  • 图12 不同钴含量的磁滞回线

  • Fig.12 Hysteresis line with different cobalt content

  • 2.3.2 电化学腐蚀性能分析

  • 从表2、3 可以看出,当 pH 值降低一个单位时, Co7Fe3 合金的腐蚀电流密度增加一个数量级(10−6 增加到 10−5),腐蚀电流密度的增加从腐蚀的角度表明其具有更高的风险,当 pH 在小于 4 时,腐蚀电流密度的数量级将不再变化。

  • 根据法拉第定律[9],由动电位极化曲线得到的腐蚀电流密度可以计算腐蚀速率,数值列于表2、3 中。通常,腐蚀速率小于 0.1 mm·a −1 的金属材料是耐腐蚀的,腐蚀速率高于 1 mm·a −1 的金属材料则是不耐腐蚀的。处于两个值之间的腐蚀速率可以适用。根据这些标准,Co7Fe3 合金在通气的 pH 5 溶液和通气的去离子水中的腐蚀速率为 3.32×10−2和 2.23×10−3 mm·a −1,耐腐蚀性能满足金属防护要求。相比于没有镀层的硅钢来说,在通气的 pH 为 5 的水溶液中其腐蚀电位正移了 0.012 V。除此之外,从图13 及表2 可以看出,Co-Fe 合金镀层的动电位极化曲线没有出现抑制腐蚀发生的钝化区。

  • 图13 Co-Fe 镀层在通气去离子水和不同 pH 的 Tafel 曲线

  • Fig.13 Tafel curves of electrodeposited Co-Fe alloy coating under aeration of deionized water and different pH

  • 表2 Co-Fe 镀层电化学腐蚀参数

  • Table2 Electrochemical corrosion parameters of Co-Fe coating

  • 表3 Co-Fe 镀层电化学腐蚀参数

  • Table3 Electrochemical corrosion parameters of Co-Fe coating

  • 4 结论

  • (1)利用低温水溶液体系在硅钢表面一步诱导共沉积制备了钴铁软磁合金镀层,并通过控制不同的工艺参数,在硅钢表面最终实现了结构致密、元素分布均匀、结合紧密的 Co7Fe3 软磁合金镀层。

  • (2)硅钢表面诱导共沉积制备的 Co-Fe 软磁合金镀层使硅钢整体耐腐蚀性提高了 3 倍,并且一定程度上降低了矫顽力,满足国家对软磁性能指标的要求。

  • (3)相较于传统的硅钢表面涂覆绝缘漆以及硅酸镁底层研究,电沉积钴铁软磁合金是一种新型的防护手段,对今后的硅钢表面处理方式有一定的借鉴意义。

  • 参考文献

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    • [2] 岳重祥,江毅,倪卫锋,等.国内无取向硅钢未来十五年需求预测与发展建议[J].电工钢,2021,3(5):37-41.YUE Chongxiang,JIANG Yi,NI Weifeng,et al.Domestic forecast and development suggestions of domestic non-oriented silicon steel in the next 15 years[J].Electrical Steel,2021,3(5):37-41.(in Chinese)

    • [3] MASANORI S,YUSUKE F,YUSUKE O,et al.Wetting behavior of Zn-Al liquid on si-containing steel after surface oxidation and reduction treatment[J].Metallurgical and Materials Transactions,2020,51(2):467-469.

    • [4] SIRISATHITKUL C,PIROMRAK S,JANTARATANA P.Magnetoimpedance of cobalt-coated silicon steels[J].Physica B:Condensed Matter,2011,406(2):155-158.

    • [5] 谭浩.非晶合金定子铁芯对再制造电机性能影响研究 [D].合肥:合肥工业大学,2016.TAN Hao.Study on the effect of amorphous alloy stator core on the performance of remanufactured motors[D].Hefei:Hefei University of Technology,2016.(in Chinese)

    • [6] 许可.电动汽车动力电机定子铁芯混合再制造的性能研究[D].合肥:合肥工业大学,2018.XU Ke.Performance study of hybrid remanufacturing of stator cores for electric vehicle power motors[D].Hefei:Hefei University of Technology,2018.(In Chinese)

    • [7] 胡亚婕,朱靖,李跃华,等.无铬环保型硅钢绝缘涂层的研究进展[J].涂层与防护,2021,42(11):54-58.HU Yajie,ZHU Jing,LI Yuehua,et al.Progress in chromium-free environmental friendly silicon steel insulating coating[J].Coatings and Protection,2021,42(11):54-58.(in Chinese)

    • [8] 王现辉,刘兆月,李瑞凤,等.低温取向硅钢硅酸镁底层形成过程[J].钢铁,2022,57(6):150-158.WANG Xianhui,LIU Zhaoyue,LI Ruifeng,et al.Formation process of forsterite film in grain-oriented silicon steel manufactured by acquired inhibitor method[J].Steel,2022,57(6):150-158.(in Chinese)

    • [9] CHANSENA A,SUTTHIRUANGWONG S.Corrosion behavior of electrodeposited Co-Fe alloys in aerated solutions[J].Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,2017,429:251-256.

    • [10] CHIVAVIBUL P,ENOKI M,KONDA S,et al.Reduction of core loss in non-oriented(NO)electrical steel by electroless-plated magnetic coating[J].Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,2011,323(3-4):306-310.

    • [11] GOEL V,ANDERSON P,HALL J,et al.Application of Co-Ni-P coating on grain-oriented electrical steel[J].IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,2015,52(4):1-8.

    • [12] ZHANG Y,IVEY D G.Electrodeposition of nanocrystalline CoFe soft magnetic thin films from citrate-stabilized baths[J].Materials Chemistry and Physics,2018,204:171-178.

    • [13] MASDEK N R N,AIMAN W M A,MURAD M C,et al.The effect of saccharin concentration on the electrochemical behaviour of electrodeposited nanocrystalline cobalt-iron coating[J].Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology,2017,25:191-200.

    • [14] RICQ L,LALLEMAND F,GIGANDET M P,et al.Influence of sodium saccharin on the electrodeposition and characterization of CoFe magnetic film[J].Surface and Coatings Technology,2001,138(2-3):278-283.

    • [15] 张乐怡,苏勇,孙雅茹,等.Co-Fe-B 合金共沉积电结晶行为和性能研究[J].电镀与精饰,2022,44(10):38-43.ZHANG Leyi,SU Yong,SUN YARU,et al.Study on the electrocrystallization behavior and properties of Co-deposited Co-Fe-B alloy[J].Plating and Finishing,2022,44(10):38-43.(in Chinese)

    • [16] LU W,OU C,HUANG P,et al.Effect of pH on the structural properties of electrodeposited nanocrystalline FeCo films[J].Int.J.Electrochem.Sci,2013,8:8218-8226.

    • [17] DAHMS H,CROLl I M.The anomalous codeposition of iron-nickel alloys[J].Journal of the Electrochemical Society,1965,112(8):771.

    • [18] BERTAZZOLI R,PLETCHER D.Studies of the mechanism for the electrodeposition of FeCo alloys[J].Electrochimica Acta,1993,38(5):671-676.

    • [19] 国家市场监督管理总局.用爱泼斯坦方圈测量电工钢带(片)磁性能的方法:GB/T 3655—2022[S].北京:质检出版社,2022.State Administration for Market Regulation.Method for measuring the magnetic properties of electrical steel strips(sheets)by using Epstein square circles:GB/T 3655-2022[S].Beijing:Quality Inspection Publishing House,2022.(in Chinese).

    • [20] 陈卓,徐昱.我国电工钢“十三五”回顾和“十四五” 展望[J].电工钢,2021,3(1):37-42.CHEN Zhuo,XU Yu.China’ s electrical steel “13th Five-Year Plan” review and “14th Five-Year Plan” outlook[J].Electrical Steel,2021,3(1):37-42.(in Chinese)

    • [21] ONG Y,LU W,XU Y,et al.Growth of single-crystalline Co7Fe3 nanowires via electrochemical deposition and their magnetic properties[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2015,652:179-184.

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 徐劲松.“双碳”战略下取向硅钢的价值与市场机遇[J].电工钢,2021,3(5):21-24.XU Jinsong.Value and market opportunities of grain-oriented silicon steel under carbon peak and carbon peak and carbon neutralization strategy[J].Electrical Steel,2021,3(5):21-24.(in Chinese)

    • [2] 岳重祥,江毅,倪卫锋,等.国内无取向硅钢未来十五年需求预测与发展建议[J].电工钢,2021,3(5):37-41.YUE Chongxiang,JIANG Yi,NI Weifeng,et al.Domestic forecast and development suggestions of domestic non-oriented silicon steel in the next 15 years[J].Electrical Steel,2021,3(5):37-41.(in Chinese)

    • [3] MASANORI S,YUSUKE F,YUSUKE O,et al.Wetting behavior of Zn-Al liquid on si-containing steel after surface oxidation and reduction treatment[J].Metallurgical and Materials Transactions,2020,51(2):467-469.

    • [4] SIRISATHITKUL C,PIROMRAK S,JANTARATANA P.Magnetoimpedance of cobalt-coated silicon steels[J].Physica B:Condensed Matter,2011,406(2):155-158.

    • [5] 谭浩.非晶合金定子铁芯对再制造电机性能影响研究 [D].合肥:合肥工业大学,2016.TAN Hao.Study on the effect of amorphous alloy stator core on the performance of remanufactured motors[D].Hefei:Hefei University of Technology,2016.(in Chinese)

    • [6] 许可.电动汽车动力电机定子铁芯混合再制造的性能研究[D].合肥:合肥工业大学,2018.XU Ke.Performance study of hybrid remanufacturing of stator cores for electric vehicle power motors[D].Hefei:Hefei University of Technology,2018.(In Chinese)

    • [7] 胡亚婕,朱靖,李跃华,等.无铬环保型硅钢绝缘涂层的研究进展[J].涂层与防护,2021,42(11):54-58.HU Yajie,ZHU Jing,LI Yuehua,et al.Progress in chromium-free environmental friendly silicon steel insulating coating[J].Coatings and Protection,2021,42(11):54-58.(in Chinese)

    • [8] 王现辉,刘兆月,李瑞凤,等.低温取向硅钢硅酸镁底层形成过程[J].钢铁,2022,57(6):150-158.WANG Xianhui,LIU Zhaoyue,LI Ruifeng,et al.Formation process of forsterite film in grain-oriented silicon steel manufactured by acquired inhibitor method[J].Steel,2022,57(6):150-158.(in Chinese)

    • [9] CHANSENA A,SUTTHIRUANGWONG S.Corrosion behavior of electrodeposited Co-Fe alloys in aerated solutions[J].Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,2017,429:251-256.

    • [10] CHIVAVIBUL P,ENOKI M,KONDA S,et al.Reduction of core loss in non-oriented(NO)electrical steel by electroless-plated magnetic coating[J].Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,2011,323(3-4):306-310.

    • [11] GOEL V,ANDERSON P,HALL J,et al.Application of Co-Ni-P coating on grain-oriented electrical steel[J].IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,2015,52(4):1-8.

    • [12] ZHANG Y,IVEY D G.Electrodeposition of nanocrystalline CoFe soft magnetic thin films from citrate-stabilized baths[J].Materials Chemistry and Physics,2018,204:171-178.

    • [13] MASDEK N R N,AIMAN W M A,MURAD M C,et al.The effect of saccharin concentration on the electrochemical behaviour of electrodeposited nanocrystalline cobalt-iron coating[J].Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology,2017,25:191-200.

    • [14] RICQ L,LALLEMAND F,GIGANDET M P,et al.Influence of sodium saccharin on the electrodeposition and characterization of CoFe magnetic film[J].Surface and Coatings Technology,2001,138(2-3):278-283.

    • [15] 张乐怡,苏勇,孙雅茹,等.Co-Fe-B 合金共沉积电结晶行为和性能研究[J].电镀与精饰,2022,44(10):38-43.ZHANG Leyi,SU Yong,SUN YARU,et al.Study on the electrocrystallization behavior and properties of Co-deposited Co-Fe-B alloy[J].Plating and Finishing,2022,44(10):38-43.(in Chinese)

    • [16] LU W,OU C,HUANG P,et al.Effect of pH on the structural properties of electrodeposited nanocrystalline FeCo films[J].Int.J.Electrochem.Sci,2013,8:8218-8226.

    • [17] DAHMS H,CROLl I M.The anomalous codeposition of iron-nickel alloys[J].Journal of the Electrochemical Society,1965,112(8):771.

    • [18] BERTAZZOLI R,PLETCHER D.Studies of the mechanism for the electrodeposition of FeCo alloys[J].Electrochimica Acta,1993,38(5):671-676.

    • [19] 国家市场监督管理总局.用爱泼斯坦方圈测量电工钢带(片)磁性能的方法:GB/T 3655—2022[S].北京:质检出版社,2022.State Administration for Market Regulation.Method for measuring the magnetic properties of electrical steel strips(sheets)by using Epstein square circles:GB/T 3655-2022[S].Beijing:Quality Inspection Publishing House,2022.(in Chinese).

    • [20] 陈卓,徐昱.我国电工钢“十三五”回顾和“十四五” 展望[J].电工钢,2021,3(1):37-42.CHEN Zhuo,XU Yu.China’ s electrical steel “13th Five-Year Plan” review and “14th Five-Year Plan” outlook[J].Electrical Steel,2021,3(1):37-42.(in Chinese)

    • [21] ONG Y,LU W,XU Y,et al.Growth of single-crystalline Co7Fe3 nanowires via electrochemical deposition and their magnetic properties[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2015,652:179-184.

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