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0 前言
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PTFE / Kevlar 织物材料具有强度高、化学稳定性好、自润滑性能优异等特点,成为了自润滑关节轴承衬垫的主要使用材料,目前已经在航空航天、机械化工、生物医药等领域得到广泛应用[1-3]。如民航客机起落架使用的自润滑关节轴承,以及直升机主旋翼变距拉杆杆端轴承,其中的衬垫材料都是由 PTFE / Kevlar 纤维编织材料构成[4-5]。在航天领域,高分子自润滑衬垫材料在受到紫外等射线作用后,易发生降解挥发,导致轴承中的衬垫材料快速磨损失效,危害航天器运行可靠性[6-8]。类似地,针对高海拔服役的航空器飞行强紫外暴露的特点,航空器外部的PTFE / Kevlar织物衬垫材料在经受高强度摩擦工况的同时也受到强紫外线照射,其在强紫外环境中的磨损性能尚不明确,使得研究强紫外辐照对自润滑关节轴承衬垫材料的磨损影响至关重要。
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自润滑 PTFE / Kevlar 织物衬垫材料的摩擦学性能与 PTFE 转移膜的形成密切相关[3]。在摩擦过程中,转移膜的状态受到接触参数(接触应力[9-12]、转速[13]、振荡和旋转频率[9,11]等)和接触环境(水润滑[14]、真空[15-16]、环境温度[15]等)等因素的影响。李锐等[17]研究发现,随着载荷增加,PTFE / Kevlar 轴承衬垫的磨损机理由轻微摩擦磨损向疲劳磨损转变。WANG Hai 等[10]发现 PTFE / Kevlar 织物复合材料在过载条件下(240~330 MPa)的磨损率约为 0.1 mm / h,摩擦时形成双层转移膜。胡月等[18-19] 研究了 PTFE/Kevlar 衬垫材料在雨水和高温条件下的摩擦磨损行为,研究表明雨水能减少 PTFE 转移膜的形成时间,但是在磨损后期会促使转移膜快速剥落和破坏。高温摩擦研究表明,在 100℃以上的高温下,PTFE / Kevlar 材料的磨损率首先显著降低,然后随着往复循环的增加而稳定。GU 等[15]发现混合PTFE / Kevlar织物复合材料在真空下的摩擦因数低于常温,在低真空和中真空下的抗磨性能较好,但在高真空下的抗磨性能较差。WANG 等[20]研究发现海水润滑条件下磨损下降,同时水润滑膜的存在有利于降低摩擦温度,起到边界润滑作用。
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研究表明紫外辐照对 PTFE 与 PTFE 聚合物材料表面结构及组成成分有显著的影响。一方面,紫外辐照会破坏 PTFE 材料表面结构,加速 PTFE 材料老化[21]。另一方面,在特定条件下,通过紫外辐照诱导能使 PTFE 材料表面粘附能力提高或疏水能力增强[22-25],而紫外线对 PTFE / Kevlar 织物材料磨损性能影响尚未完全揭露。本文通过控制紫外辐照的时长,探究 PTFE / Kevlar 纤维编织材料辐照过后在一定载荷和循环次数下的损伤演变规律,分析不同紫外辐照时长对编织材料特定摩擦副下的摩擦学行为。研究拓展了织物衬垫在紫外环境中的摩擦应用场景,并可对 PTFE / Kevlar 织物衬垫型自润滑关节轴承的材料研改进与工艺优化提供参考。
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1 试验
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1.1 材料
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试验采用具有良好接触状态和较高测试重复性的球-平面接触方式[26-27]。选取 GCr15 轴承钢球作为试验上摩擦副,试样统一直径 6.35 mm,表面粗糙度 Ra=0.05 μm。选用美国 DUPONT 公司生产的聚四氟乙烯纤维(PTFE)与凯夫拉纤维(Kevlar)经斜纹编织制备的双层织构衬垫材料作为试验下摩擦副。将浸胶处理后的织构衬垫材料以环氧树脂为胶粘剂,热压(加压压力为 0.8 MPa,加压温度为 190℃)于 45 #钢金属基体表面上,室温空气冷却成型后裁剪成规格为 36 mm×17 mm×3 mm 的平板试样,此时的织构材料厚度约为 0.384 mm[19]。 GCr15 轴承钢球运动方向垂直于 PTFE 纤维束 (图1)。
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图1 PTFE / Kevlar 衬垫材料与 GCr15 轴承钢球摩擦副
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Fig.1 PTFE / Kevlar liner material and GCr15 bearing steel ball friction pair
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1.2 方法
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研究高原地区太阳紫外线光谱发现,地面波长小于 300 nm 的太阳紫外线强度几乎为零,而 300 nm 至 400 nm 的紫外辐射强度约为 1 W / m2,且占全部太阳辐照总强度的 1%[28]。本文选取东莞市力显仪器科技有限公司生产的型号为 HZ-2008A 的 UV 紫外线老化试验机。使用的 UVA-340 荧光紫外灯管,其紫外波长分布为 295 nm≤λ≤365 nm。紫外辐照强度设为 1 W / m2,PTFE / Kevlar 衬垫材料样品与灯管间距为 50 mm,塔式试验箱内温度设置为 50℃,湿度设置为 100% RH,样品试验布置方式如图2。将辐照时间跨度设置为未辐照、辐照 100、 200、300 和 500 h。
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图2 HZ-2008A 紫外线老化试验机与样品分布
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Fig.2 HZ-2008A UV aging testing machine and sample distribution
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本文采用试验设备为济南益华摩擦学测试设备有限公司生产的 MXW-01 型往复摩擦磨损试验机[19],结构示意图如图3 所示。试验采用的载荷加载方式为杠杆砝码加载,摩擦力传感器采集摩擦学相关数据,通过音圈电机带动样品试验台的导轨,使平面样品做周期性往复直线运动。试验载荷设置为 5 N(最大接触应力为 114 MPa)[12],频率为 5 Hz,位移为 5 mm,循环次数设置为 5 000 次。试验在湿度 50±10% RH,室温大气环境下进行。对不同紫外辐照时长的 PTFE / Kevlar 衬垫材料样品,进行相同的往复摩擦试验,探究其摩擦损伤规律。
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图3 MXW-01 往复磨损试验台
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Fig.3 MXW-01 reciprocating wear test bench
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1.3 分析方法
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将经过辐照摩擦后的 PTFE / Kevlar 织物衬垫材料样品,浸没在盛有无水乙醇的烧杯中,利用超声波清洗并烘干,试验采用体视显微镜(SM; SXZ7,OLYMPUS)观察衬垫材料的宏观磨痕损伤形貌;使用三维光学轮廓仪(3D-OM; NPFLEX,BRUKER)测量织物试样磨损表面的三维轮廓,随后分析磨痕的深度以及织物的磨损损失。对于微观损伤形貌,利用场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM; Inspect F50,FEI)对 PTFE / Kevlar 织物衬垫磨损表面的微观形貌进行观察和分析。通过分析 PTFE / Kevlar 织物衬垫材料的磨痕微观特征,可以判定球面接触摩擦副磨损过程中发生的磨损形式和特征,进而探究摩擦副的磨损机理。
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为了进一步分析紫外辐照对PTFE / Kevlar织物衬垫材料摩擦表面损伤特性的影响,使用能量色散 X 射线光谱仪(EDS; Octane super,EDAX)对磨痕损伤区进行化学成分分析。采用反射法显微红外(ATR; 赛默飞 In 10)对辐照后的 PTFE 纤维进行微观成分分析。
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2 结果分析
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2.1 摩擦因数曲线
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图4 为衬垫材料摩擦因数曲线。随着循环次数的增加,根据未辐照和辐照 200、500 h 衬垫材料的摩擦因数趋势,摩擦因数经历了三个阶段:首先,同时直线上升下降又上升的跑和阶段。随后在循环 2 000 次前,三种辐照时长的编织物摩擦因数均进入了强烈波动的上升阶段,由接触载荷不均引起[13]。 2 000 次循环次数后,摩擦因数却发生了严重分歧,此时可能是摩擦界面上PTFE转移膜的润滑状态(如均匀性、厚度等因素)的不同[29]导致。总体来看,平均摩擦因数基本不变,依次为 0.178、0.187、0.180。紫外辐照时长对摩擦因数的演变与接触表面 PTFE / Kevlar 衬垫材料的磨痕形貌有关,这将在后续进行讨论。
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图4 衬垫材料摩擦因数曲线
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Fig.4 Friction factor curve of liner material
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2.2 宏观分析
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图5 给出不同辐照时长 PTFE / Kevlar 衬垫材料磨痕 SM 图,可以看出,随着辐照时长的增加,衬垫材料磨痕宽度和磨损损伤先减小后增加。根据辐照时间和损伤程度的变化规律,将磨损形貌分为未辐照、短时辐照(T=100、200 h)、长时辐照(T=300、 500 h)。未辐照和紫外辐照后的样品磨痕边缘都存在不同程度的纤维断裂,未辐照和长时辐照磨痕纤维断裂较多,短时辐照磨痕纤维断裂较少。摩擦后 PTFE 纤维发生塑性形变对 Kevlar 纤维的覆盖也呈现出不同的形态,未辐照和长时辐照的磨痕 Kevlar 纤维露出区域为梭形,而短时辐照磨痕 Kevlar 纤维露出区域接近圆形。
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图5 不同辐照时长 PTFE / Kevlar 衬垫材料磨痕 SM 图
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Fig.5 SM diagram of wear marks on PTFE / Kevlar liner materials with different irradiation durations
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图6 给出不同辐照时长 PTFE / Kevlar 衬垫材料 3D 轮廓图及磨痕 2D 轮廓图。结果表明:随着辐照时长的增加,磨痕宽度和深度先变小后增大,磨痕最大宽度从 0.984 mm 减小到 0.722 mm 再增加至0.93 8 mm,最大深度从 40.088 μm 减小到 24.695 μm 再增加至 38.655 μm。
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图6 不同辐照时长 PTFE / Kevlar 衬垫材料 3D 轮廓图及磨痕 2D 轮廓图
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Fig.6 3D contour map and 2D contour map of wear marks of PTFE / Kevlar liner materials with different irradiation durations
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在 3D 轮廓图中,未辐照的衬垫材料磨痕明显,可观察到较深的凹坑;短时辐照磨痕较轻,凹坑也较浅;长时辐照磨痕清晰,凹坑与未辐照深度接近。磨痕边缘的凸起结构为断裂的PTFE纤维碎屑堆积,短时辐照后磨痕的纤维断裂堆积明显较少。在 2D 轮廓图中,凹陷中三个等距的凸起为 Kevlar 纤维束,在 Kevlar 纤维束间有参差的凸起结构,结合 SM 结果(图5),认为凸起结构是 PTFE 纤维的塑性形变。相同的摩擦环境,短时辐照 PTFE 的磨损消耗轻微,而未辐照和长时辐照 PTFE 磨损消耗严重。
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2.3 磨痕特征微观分析
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根据磨痕的 SEM 图像可知,紫外辐照前后衬垫材料摩擦损伤均以纤维束断裂和 PTFE 转移为主。未经紫外辐照,衬垫表面磨损严重,磨痕边缘有大量的簇状纤维断裂。PTFE 纤维从表层至下层产生强烈的塑性形变,局部区域被碾平为薄片,并形成丰富的转移膜覆盖 Kevlar 纤维,同时转移膜产生疲劳裂纹、起皮和剥落等疲劳磨损损伤。如图7a 所示。此时的 PTFE 纤维塑性变形与成膜能力良好。转移膜的存在使得GCr15轴承钢球与PTFE / Kevlar衬垫材料之间的摩擦转变为 GCr15 轴承钢球与转移膜之间的摩擦,降低了摩擦因数,提高了关节轴承衬垫的耐磨减摩性能[30]。
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图7 不同辐照时长磨痕样品的 SEM 形貌
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Fig.7 SEM morphology of wear mark samples with different irradiation durations
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短时辐照的衬垫材料磨痕边界 PTFE 纤维断裂较少 100 h 呈现条状,200 h 呈片状。见图7b~7c。表层 PTFE 纤维形成粘合不充分的“转移膜”,转移膜上能观察到明显的划痕,在局部的转移膜边缘发生了转移膜剥落。值得注意的是,图7c 中央位置的 PTFE 纤维断裂朝向 GCr15 轴承钢球面发生塑性形变,而面向衬垫基体面未发生塑性形变,说明 PTFE 纤维塑性变形及成膜能力变差。
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长时辐照衬垫磨痕存在大量簇状 PTFE 纤维断裂,由此向磨痕中能观察到狭小转移膜,转移膜附着 Kevlar 纤维有明显缝隙。图7d 中存在三处表层 PTFE 纤维塑性形变展现出枯枝形态,并伴有丝状连接,在图6 中表现为 2D 轮廓图中的凸起。辐照 500 h 后,纤维塑性变形产生大量起皮,且能观察到磨粒。如图7d~7e 所示。可见表层 PTFE 纤维被磨断后,下层纤维正常变形成转移膜,由于枯枝状纤维阻碍,转移膜不能连接成片,对 Kevlar 纤维保护和润滑性能下降。
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综上所述,随着辐照时间的增长,PTFE 纤维塑性变形和成膜能力持续下降,进而引起摩擦界面处的摩擦磨损行为的变化。未辐照时,衬垫表面主要表现为 PTFE 纤维的强烈塑性变形和 PTFE 转移膜铺展填充,此时 Kevlar 纤维被覆盖较好,同时转移膜产生疲劳裂纹、起皮和剥落等疲劳磨损损伤; 随着辐照时间增加,表层 PTFE 纤维磨断减少,且形成的粘合不充分的“转移膜”上能观察到明显的擦伤划痕,衬垫磨损比较轻微;而长时辐照后大量 PTFE 纤维被磨断成簇状,伴有纤维碎屑的产生,同时磨痕中 PTFE 纤维塑性形变和相互粘接困难,转移膜面积下降,极大降低了衬垫材料的摩擦磨损性能。
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2.4 化学状态分析
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元素 EDS 线扫描位置从磨痕外 Kevlar 纤维处经磨痕中 PTFE 再到磨痕外的 Kevlar 纤维。扫描结果能够展现磨痕中 PTFE 纤维的塑性形变,转移膜形成以及转移膜耗损情况。从图8 的 PTFE / Kevlar 衬垫材料损伤 F 元素 EDS 线扫描图可发现:未辐照磨痕 F 元素在扫描方向上分布较均匀,表明转移膜覆盖较好,中部存在一个“谷”,这表明 PTFE 转移膜减少,经过往复摩擦转移膜被破坏消耗[18];辐照 200 h 的衬垫磨痕 F 元素分布存在明显的起伏“峰”,结合 SEM 图可知为未磨损的 PTFE 纤维束,而磨损区的 F 元素的分布较为平稳,此区域的 PTFE 转移膜覆盖较好,同时表明短时辐照的衬垫无明显 PTFE 损耗;辐照 500 h 的磨痕 F 元素线分布呈“M”型,中间 F 元素含量低,两边分布波动较大,转移膜形成较差或剥落较多,磨痕中部 PTFE 消耗严重。可见,未辐照 PTFE / Kevlar 衬垫材料能够形成均匀的转移膜,短时辐照后转移膜形成能力减弱,长时辐照形成的转移膜易耗损。
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图8 PTFE / Kevlar 衬垫材料损伤 F 元素 EDS 线扫描图
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Fig.8 EDS line scan of PTFE / Kevlar liner material damage F element
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图9 不同辐照时长磨痕样品的 EDS 面分析,C 元素的分布图主要显示 Kevlar 纤维的状态,而 F 元素分布代表 PTFE 纤维的塑性形变和转移。未辐照衬垫磨痕 F 元素大面积均匀分布,并使 C 元素呈椭圆形,表明大量 PTFE 转移膜形成并覆盖 Kevlar 纤维;辐照 200 h 磨痕 F 元素有少量延展,且均匀分布的面积减少,此时 PTFE 转移膜形成减弱,随摩擦对 Kevlar 纤维缝隙的填充较少。辐照 300 h 磨痕中由于 Kevlar 纤维和不完全形变的 PTFE 阻隔,均匀分布 F 元素孤立存在,并有线状富集。可见长时间辐照使得PTFE纤维难以塑性形变成大片转移膜,而纤维碎屑经过摩擦填充在 Kevlar 纤维间隙里。结合 EDS 线分析表明:随着辐照时间的增加,衬垫 PTFE 纤维塑性变形粘接成转移膜的面积下降。
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2.5 微观成分分析
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图10 为紫外辐照前后 PTFE 纤维 ATR 吸收谱,在 1 197.30 和 1 148.65 cm−1 处,未辐照衬垫 PTFE 纤维的 ATR 谱图显示了-CF2-基团的反对称伸缩振动和对称伸缩振动。在 1 732.43 cm−1 为羧基基团[31], 624.32 cm−1 处的峰为局部非晶带,表明原始 PTFE 纤维高结晶度的特征谱,含有少量非晶态组织。紫外辐照 500 h 后,-CF2-基团的反对称伸缩振动和对称伸缩振动移动至 1 205.77 和 1 150.00 cm−1,并且 608.65 cm−1 处出现了吸收峰,羧基基团受到紫外辐照降解。经过紫外辐照后,-CF2-基团吸收率下降, PTFE 分子量变小。PTFE 纤维结晶带变窄,以及非结晶区变宽,说明 PTFE 纤维结晶度降低。据文献报道,随结晶度的增大,PTFE 材料的拉伸强度也增大[32-33]。结合 PTFE / Kevlar 织物衬垫磨痕 SEM 和 EDS 结果,表明未辐照的 PTFE 纤维结晶度高、延展性强,受到摩擦时易塑性形变为转移膜;短时辐照 PTFE 纤维结晶度降低、延展性变差,抵抗塑性变形的能力变强; 长时辐照 PTFE 纤维结晶度低,纤维拉伸强度低,表层纤维脆化,受到摩擦剪切力作用易断裂且塑性变形粘接困难[21,34]。
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图9 不同辐照时长磨痕样品的 EDS 面分析
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Fig.9 EDS analysis of samples with different irradiation durations and wear marks
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图10 紫外辐照前后 PTFE 纤维 ATR 吸收谱
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Fig.10 ATR absorption spectrum of PTFE fibers before and after UV irradiation
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3 讨论
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图11 为不同紫外辐照时长 PTFE / Kevlar 织物衬垫摩擦副损伤行为示意图,表明随辐照时间增长,摩擦损失体积的变化和磨痕最大深度的变化趋势相同。短时紫外辐照衬垫的摩擦损失体积和磨痕最大深度最小,约为未辐照和长时辐照的 2 / 3。
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图11 不同紫外辐照时长 PTFE / Kevlar 衬垫摩擦副损伤行为
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Fig.11 Damage behavior of PTFE / Kevlar liner friction pairs under different UV irradiation durations
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未经紫外辐照的 PTFE / Kevlar 织物衬垫材料, PTFE 纤维结晶度高、延展性强。经过 GCr15 轴承钢球 5 000 次往复摩擦后,PTFE 纤维大量断裂,局部被碾平为薄片。丰富的 PTFE 转移膜对 Kevlar 纤维束覆盖较好,也是摩擦因数下降的原因。在 F 元素的 EDS 线扫图中显示转移膜被破坏,同时在 SEM 形貌图中观察到转移膜疲劳裂纹和起皮,有严重的表面损伤和磨损损伤,这表明未辐照的衬垫发生严重的粘着磨损和疲劳磨损。
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短时辐照(T=100、200 h)的 PTFE / Kevlar 织物衬垫,PTFE 纤维结晶度降低、延展性变差,抵抗塑性变形能力增强。5 000 次往复摩擦后,PTFE 纤维断裂明显减少,形成融合不充分的硬质“转移膜”,使摩擦因数持续上升,而防止下层 PTFE 纤维受摩擦影响。同时 EDS 分析和 SEM 形貌图表明,衬垫的 PTFE 转移膜上有擦伤痕迹,且 PTFE 转移减少,表面损伤和磨损损伤轻微。可知,短时间辐照的衬垫发生了轻微擦伤损伤和粘着磨损。
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长时辐照(T=300、500 h)的 PTFE / Kevlar 织物衬垫,PTFE 纤维结晶度低,产生表层纤维脆化层。 5 000 次往复摩擦后,表层脆化 PTFE 纤维先被磨断,形成大量簇状纤维断裂和纤维碎屑。而下层纤维正常塑性形变受枯枝状 PTFE 塑性变形阻碍,均为小面积转移膜,摩擦因数较为平稳。SEM 形貌图中的磨粒,以及 EDS 面分析中 F 元素在 Kevlar 纤维间隙中线分布,显示 PTFE 纤维碎屑经摩擦对 Kevlar 纤维间隙填充,衬垫表面损伤及磨损损伤极为严重。综合分析,表明长时辐照的衬垫磨损形式以磨粒磨损为主。
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综上所述,随着紫外辐照时间的增加,PTFE 纤维结晶度下降,经历延展性变差到脆化的过程,从而导致纤维在摩擦过程中塑性变形和转移膜形成能力的下降。而 PTFE / Kevlar 织物衬垫材料的磨损量随紫外辐照时长呈现先下降后上升的趋势。同时,衬垫材料的磨损机理随辐照时间的延长由疲劳磨损和粘着磨损向磨粒磨损为主转变。
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4 结论
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通过对 PTFE / Kevlar 织物衬垫样品进行紫外辐照,研究不同紫外辐照时间下织物衬垫磨损损伤特点,试验中未考虑紫外辐照强度的影响。获得主要结论如下:
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(1)针对高空飞行时强紫外暴露的特点,创新性地聚焦紫外辐照对航空用PTFE / Kevlar织物衬垫自润滑材料摩擦学性能的影响规律研究,拓展了织物衬垫在紫外环境中的摩擦应用场景,并为自润滑关节轴承衬垫的材料改进与工艺优化提供了参考。
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(2)紫外辐照对 PTFE / Kevlar 织物衬垫材料耐磨性能有显著影响,随着紫外辐照时长增加,磨损损伤呈先降低后增加的趋势。
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(3)辐照时长的增加会导致 PTFE / Kevlar 织物衬垫材料的磨损机理由疲劳磨损和粘着磨损转变为磨粒磨损为主。
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摘要
PTFE / Kevlar 织物材料具有优异自润滑性能,在航空关键部件中广泛应用,但紫外辐照对其影响规律尚不清晰。针对航空器飞行强紫外线暴露的特点,聚焦紫外辐照对航空常用 PTFE / Kevlar 编织关节轴承衬垫自润滑材料摩擦学性能的影响规律研究。对不同紫外辐照时长的 PTFE / Kevlar 织物衬垫材料进行往复摩擦试验,并采用多种表征手段对其宏观、微观损伤形貌以及化学状态进行分析。结果表明:PTFE / Kevlar 织物衬垫材料的磨损程度随着紫外辐照时间的增加呈现出先降低后升高的趋势,短时辐照(T=100 h 和 200 h)的磨损最轻微,摩擦损失体积和磨痕最大深度仅为未辐照和长时辐照(T=300 h 和 500 h)的 2 / 3;紫外辐照后,衬垫材料与 GCr15 轴承钢球之间的磨损行为变化表现为 PTFE 纤维塑性变形和转移膜形成能力的下降,其主要原因是 PTFE 纤维结晶度的降低;衬垫材料的磨损机理随辐照时间的延长由疲劳磨损和粘着磨损向磨粒磨损为主转变。研究成果可为 PTFE / Kevlar 织物衬垫型自润滑材料在紫外辐照后的磨损性能跟踪和研制优化提供参考。
Abstract
PTFE / Kevlar fabric liner type self-lubricating materials, extensively utilized in aircraft, face the challenge of enduring strong ultraviolet (UV) radiation when operating at high altitudes throughout the year. Simultaneously, these self-lubricating joint bearing liner materials, used externally on aircraft, encounter high-intensity friction conditions along with substantial UV exposure. Despite this, there is a paucity of studies focusing on the wear behavior of PTFE / Kevlar fabric liners following UV irradiation. This gap highlights the importance of investigating the impact of intense UV exposure on the wear characteristics of self-lubricating plain bearing liners. In this paper, the UV aging tester model HZ-2008A was employed to subject PTFE / Kevlar fabric liner materials to UV radiation at an intensity of 1 W / m2 for varying durations. Post-irradiation, the liner samples underwent reciprocating friction testing using the MXW-01 tester. To examine the macroscopic damage morphology of the abrasion marks on the liner material, a stereo microscope (SM) and a three-dimensional optical profiler (3D-OM) were utilized. Furthermore, the micro-morphology of surface damage and chemical state within the abrasion damage area were analyzed using a field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Reflectance micro-infrared spectroscopy (ATR) was applied to analyze the microstructure of PTFE before and after UV irradiation. The study reveals that the wear behavior of PTFE / Kevlar fabric liners against GCr15 bearing steel balls through 5,000 cycles of reciprocating friction initially decreases and then increases with prolonged UV irradiation. Notably, the liners subjected to short-term irradiation (T=100 h and 200 h) exhibited the least wear, with the volume of friction loss and the maximum depth of abrasion marks being only two-thirds of those observed in liners that were not irradiated or were irradiated for longer durations (T=300 h and 500 h). This indicates that UV irradiation's primary impact on the wear performance of self-lubricating spherical bearing liners involves a reduction in PTFE fibers' plastic deformation and their capacity to form transfer films. In comparison to non-irradiated liners, those exposed to short-term irradiation experienced less fiber fracture and formed a "transfer film" that was not sufficiently hard, thus protecting the underlying PTFE fibers from frictional effects. Conversely, extended irradiation resulted in the wear of the surface layer of brittle PTFE fibers, restricting the underlying fibers from undergoing dendritic plastic deformation and limiting the formation of transfer films to small areas. The study further elucidates that the fundamental reason UV irradiation affects the wear performance of the liners is due to changes in the PTFE fibers post-irradiation, such as a decrease in the absorption rate of the -CF2- group, reduction in molecular weight, decrease in crystallinity, and a transition from ductility to surface layer embrittlement. Consequently, the wear mechanism of the liner material shifts from fatigue and adhesive wear to abrasive wear as irradiation time increases. By irradiating PTFE / Kevlar fabric liner samples without considering the intensity of UV irradiation, the research highlights the significant influence of UV exposure on the wear resistance of PTFE / Kevlar fabric liners, showing a trend of initial decrease followed by an increase in wear damage with extended UV irradiation time. This investigation into the effects of UV irradiation on the tribological properties of self-lubricating PTFE / Kevlar fabric liners for aviation applications is innovative. It extends the understanding of textile material applications in UV-exposed environments and offers insights for material development and process optimization of self-lubricating joint bearing liners. The findings provide a foundation for monitoring the long-term performance of PTFE / Kevlar fabric liner parts in aircraft operating in high-altitude conditions, contributing to the stable operation and maintenance of such aircraft.
关键词
PTFE / Kevlar 织物 ; 紫外辐照 ; 损伤形貌 ; 转移膜 ; 磨损机理
