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作者简介:

朱合法,男,1995年出生,博士研究生。主要研究方向为智能传感涂层结构设计和理论等。E-mail: 15001702672@163.com

通讯作者:

董瀚,男,1962年出生,博士,教授。主要研究方向为钢铁材料基础理论与工程技术。E-mail: donghan@shu.edu.cn

中图分类号:TB381

DOI:10.11933/j.issn.1007-9289.20230518003

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目录contents

    摘要

    钛酸铋钠(Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3,简称 BNT)基无铅压电陶瓷因其环境友好型、良好的铁电压电性能等特点在航空航天、舰艇声纳、高速列车及电子产品等领域得到广泛应用。为了克服钛酸铋钠基无铅压电陶瓷高矫顽场并进一步提升其电学性能,通过对 BNT 基无铅压电陶瓷进行掺杂改性构建三方相–四方相共存的准同型相界(MPB)。掺杂改性是改善 BNT 基无铅压电陶瓷性能的一种重要方法,针对 BNT 基无铅压电陶瓷掺杂改性进行系统总结十分必要。主要从 BNT 基无铅压电陶瓷多组元改性、A / B 位离子掺杂和稀土离子掺杂改性等三方面综合论述近年来 BNT 基压电陶瓷研究进展。结果表明,引入合适的组元有利于 BNT 基无铅压电陶瓷构建三方相–四方相共存的准同型相界;A / B 离子掺杂是根据离子半径和电价大小的一致性对 BNT 陶瓷中对应位置的离子进行取代;稀土离子掺杂主要对该陶瓷的光电特性有显著影响。上述三方面从不同角度改善了 BNT 基无铅压电陶瓷的性能,以期为研究性能更好的 BNT 基无铅压电陶瓷的科研和技术人员提供参考,并为 BNT 基无铅压电陶瓷的实际应用奠定基础。

    Abstract

    Lead-free piezoelectric ceramics based on bismuth sodium titanate (Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3, BNT) are increasingly popular in aerospace, naval sonar, high-speed trains, and electronic devices due to their environmental friendliness and outstanding ferroelectric capabilities. To address the challenge of high coercive fields and enhance electrical performance, doping modification of BNT-based ceramics introduces a morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) featuring both rhombohedral and tetragonal phases, effectively reducing the coercive field and significantly boosting electrical properties. This modification is essential for advancing the performance of sodium bismuth titanate-based lead-free piezoelectric ceramics. This paper provides an extensive review of the latest advancements in the field of BNT-based lead-free piezoelectric ceramics, with a focus on multi-component modifications, A / B-site ion doping, and rare earth ion doping. Findings indicate that incorporating appropriate components into BNT-based ceramics facilitates the formation of an MPB, which not only reduces the coercive field but also significantly improves the piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties of these materials. However, despite these advancements, piezoelectric ceramic development represents just a fraction of the piezoelectric materials landscape, with vast potential for further exploration. Doping with A- and B-site ions in BNT ceramics aims to maintain cellular structure stability, aligning with the consistency of ionic radius and electric valence. A-site doping mitigates the volatilization of Bi and Na elements and eases sintering challenges, significantly enhancing piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties while reducing the coercive field. B-site ion doping, through Ti4+ substitution, introduces defects and A-site vacancies, improving the piezoelectric constant d33. While these modifications have significantly advanced the structure and performance of BNT-based ceramics, issues with temperature stability remain, limiting their immediate practical application. Rare earth ion doping introduces light-emitting capabilities to BNT-based lead-free piezoelectric ceramics alongside piezoelectric improvements, significantly affecting their photoelectric properties. These diverse modification strategies collectively elevate the performance of BNT-based lead-free piezoelectric ceramics, paving the way for further research and potential practical applications. To advance the electrical performance of BNT-based lead-free piezoelectric ceramics, future research should focus on the material's intrinsic properties, specifically uncovering the physical nature of the quasi-isotropic phase boundaries and their role in enhancing electrical performance. This involves examining the changes in piezoelectric, ferroelectric, and dielectric properties across the MPB phase boundary range, as well as their dynamic evolution under external electric fields. Additionally, the research should explore the physical mechanisms by which component adjustments influence the stability of the material's phase structure, the regulation of the ferroelectric domain structure, and piezoelectric properties. Through these studies, the goal is to develop high-performance lead-free piezoelectric ceramics and facilitate their industrialization.

  • 0 前言

  • 压电陶瓷是具备优异压电性的一类铁电体,是一种具有优异机电转换特性的信息功能陶瓷材料。压电陶瓷由于其优异的压电、铁电性及介电性被广泛应用于传感器、换能器、电声设备和超声马达等电子和微电子器件。目前以锆钛酸铅(Pb(Zr,Ti)O3, PZT)为代表的含铅压电陶瓷材料因其压电和机电耦合性能好而备受关注[1],但材料在高温下易分解产生对人体和环境有害的氧化铅(60%~70%以上),并且净化成本过高,从而世界各国对含铅压电陶瓷的使用做出了限制,因此研究高性能无铅压电陶瓷具有非常重要的科学意义[2-3]

  • 无铅压电陶瓷的种类基本划分为四大体系:钛酸钡(BaTiO3,BT)基无铅压电陶瓷、铋层状结构 ((Bi2O22+(Am-1BmB3m+1 2−)无铅压电陶瓷、铌酸盐 ((A12(A24(C)4(B12(B28O30)系无铅压电陶瓷和钛酸铋钠(Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3,BNT)基无铅压电陶瓷。其中,钛酸铋钠(BNT)陶瓷是 A 位复合离子钙钛矿型铁电体,居里温度 Tc 为 320℃,室温时属于三方晶系,具有很强的铁电性(室温下剩余极化强度 Pr=38 μC / cm2),矫顽场强较高(Ec=7.3 kV / mm)[4-5]。因此,广大研究学者将 BNT 陶瓷及其体系看作最有潜力的无铅压电陶瓷体系之一[6-8]

  • 离子掺杂可以使 BNT 基压电陶瓷的电学性能极大地提高,已经成为学者们关注的焦点。基于此,对 BNT 基无铅压电陶瓷多组元改性、A / B 位离子掺杂和稀土离子掺杂改性三方面进行综合论述,讨论了不同改性方式对 BNT 基无铅压电陶瓷的性能影响机理,展望了 BNT 基无铅压电陶瓷的研究与应用方向,以期为研究高压电性能 BNT 基陶瓷的科研和技术人员提供参考。

  • 1 BNT 基压电陶瓷多组元改性

  • 通过加入新组元来改变材料的性能,在压电陶瓷材料中是一种常见的手段。在 BNT 无铅压电陶瓷材料中,加入新组元形成固溶体,其新组元材料结构应同为钙钛矿结构,并且所属晶系与 BNT 材料不同,如此所形成的多组元固溶体才能在准同型相界 (Morphotropic phase boundary,MPB)处降低 BNT 陶瓷的矫顽场,并获得良好的压电铁电性能[9]。为了提高 BNT 基陶瓷材料的电学性能,推进其实用化,根据 BNT 陶瓷的性能特点,将 BNT 与一种或多种和 BNT 晶体结构不同的铁电和非铁电化合物组合来构建 MPB 相界,目前与 BaTiO3(BT)、 Bi0.5K0.5TiO3 (BKT)、NaNbO3 (NN)和 SrTiO3 (ST) 复合形成的多组元体系(BNT-BT、BNT-BKT、 BNT-NN、BNT-ST、BNT-BKT-BT 等)成为国内外研究学者的重点关注。

  • 1.1 BNT 基添加第二组元改性

  • 1.1.1 BaTiO3 第二组元改性

  • BNT 基陶瓷的矫顽场较高,而 BT 具有较高的压电系数和介电系数,且矫顽场相对较低,因此学者将 BNT 和 BT 复合形成二元固溶体,在降低矫顽场的同时保障压电和介电性能的优异[10-11]。BNT-BT 是常见的 BNT 基二元固溶体系,由于 BT 的晶体结构同样为钙钛矿型,两者固溶限度大,会在一定范围内形成 MPB;MPB 附近材料的矫顽场强较低,易于极化,使其压电性能有所提升[12-14]。1991 年 TAKANAKA 等[15]首次将 BT 加入 BNT 中,确定了 BNT-BT 二元固溶体系的相图,如图1 所示。在 BT 含量为 6~8 mol.%时存在三方相–四方相共存的 MPB,在其范围内时电学性能达到最优值: d33=125 pC / N、tan δ=0.013、Tc=288℃、Td=160℃, Ec=2.88 kV / mm。矫顽场得到明显改善,且保持优异的介电和压电性能。

  • 图1(1−x)(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3-xBaTiO3体系相图(Fα:铁电三方相;Fβ:铁电四方相;AF:反铁电相;P:顺电相)[15]

  • Fig.1 (1−x) (Bi0.5Na0.5) TiO3-xBaTiO3 system phase diagram (Fα: ferroelectric rhombohedral phase; Fβ: ferroelectric tetragonal phase; AF: antiferroelectric phase; P: paraelectric phase) [15]

  • 后续许多研究者对 BNT-BT 体系的准同型相界 ( MPB)进行了研究。 XU 等 [16] 研究发现(1−x)BNT-xBT 体系陶瓷 MPB 相界在 x=0.06~0.10 mol 范围内,随着 BT 引入后,矫顽场 Ec降低,剩余极化强度 Pr增大。如图2a 所示,当 x=0.06 mol时的陶瓷具有较强的压电铁电性能,其最佳为 d33=155 pC / N,Pr=38.8 μC / cm2Ec=3.41 kV / mm。 ZHOU 等[17]采用水热法合成 0.94BNT-0.06BT 纳米颗粒并制备成陶瓷,其 BT 含量为 0.06 mol 时,压电系数(d33)达到 171 pC / N,如图2b 较大的剩余极化 Pr为 46.10 μC / cm2Ec为 3.50 kV / mm。这些研究结果表明,BNT-BT 体系的 MPB 相界主要在 0.06≤x≤0.10 mol 范围内,在相界范围内显著提升了 BNT 基陶瓷的压电铁电性能。BNT-BT 体系作为压电陶瓷或压电致动器材料在高频超声领域中具有很好的应用。

  • 图2 BNT 基陶瓷电滞回线

  • Fig.2 P-E hysteresis loops of BNT-based ceramics

  • 1.1.2 Bi0.5K0.5TiO3 第二组元改性

  • BNT 在室温下为三方相结构,a=0.389 1 nm, α=89°36′。BKT 也是一种 A 位离子复合取代的钙钛矿化合物,但其室温下具有四方结构,a=0.391 8 nm, c=0.401 3 nm,居里温度为 380℃,且具有低的矫顽场(Ec=1.5 kV / mm)[18]。K 离子和 Na 离子半径大小相近,化学性质相似,BNT 与 BKT 能够相互固溶,形成(1−x)Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-xBi0.5K0.5TiO3 (Bi0.5(Na1−xKx0.5TiO3,简称 BNT-BKT)体系固溶体处在 MPB 处,获得良好的压电铁电性能。

  • 1962 年 BUHRER[19]研究了(1−x)Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-xBi0.5K0.5TiO3 体系的晶格参数与组成的关系,在 x≥0.20 mol 时没有发现三方相、四方相相界,因此 MPB 可能在 x<0.2 mol 的区域内。王天宝等[20]发现在 x=0.19 mol 时存在三方相–四方相共存的 MPB。在 MPB 附近压电性能达到较大值,d33=100 pC / N, kp=0.28。如图3 所示,首次确定了 BNT-BKT 系统的相图,发现该体系的固溶体,在铁电相和顺电相之间存在着一个较阔的过渡相相区,随着温度的升高,固溶体都依次经历铁电相-过渡相-顺电相相变。组成成分处于三方–四方相界的固溶体,其铁电相-过渡相的相变温度最低,组成离相界愈远,相变温度愈高。

  • 图3 (1−x)BNT-xBKT 固溶体相图[20]

  • Fig.3 (1−x) BNT-xBKT solid solution phase diagram[20]

  • 国内外研究学者对 BNT-BKT 体系的 MPB 组成进行了系统的研究,表明该体系 MPB 相界范围在 0.16≤x≤0.20 mol,适量的 K+ 取代 Na+ 的位置能显著提升该体系的压电铁电性能并降低其矫顽场,是一种值得应用和推广的无铅压电陶瓷体系。MOOSAVI 等 [21]采用常规固相反应法制备了(1−x)BNT-xBKT 陶瓷,在 x=0.20 mol 时该陶瓷处于 MPB 处,获得了最大的压电和铁电性能,如图4 所示,其最佳性能为 d33=195 pC / N,Pr=37.5 μC / cm2Ec为 2.90 kV / mm。LEE 等[22]、HERNANDEZ-CUEVAS 等[23]采用不同烧结工艺制备(1−x)BNT-xBKT 陶瓷,均发现 x=0.20 mol 时该陶瓷处于 MPB 处,在该处获得了最大的压电和铁电性能,其 d33达到 170 pC / N,Pr为 11.05 μC / cm2Ec为 2.62 kV / mm。

  • 1.1.3 NaNbO3 第二组元改性

  • NaNbO3 也是一种钙钛矿结构的化合物,室温下为单斜结构的反铁电体,其剩余极化强度 Pr 为 40 μC / cm2a=c=0.391 4 nm, b=0.388 1 nm, β=90°39′,居里温度为 640℃。研究发现将具有反铁电结构的 NaNbO3 与 Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3复合而成的二元体系 Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-NaNbO3(BNT-NN)在宽温区内具有优良的电容温度稳定性,在高温陶瓷电容器领域具有潜在应用价值。BNT-NN 是近年来研究较多一类新型无铅高温铁电材料,有超高的温度和频率稳定性,因此具有良好的储能性能,此外该体系陶瓷还具有较大电致应变。

  • 图4(1−x)BNT-xBKT 陶瓷[21]

  • Fig.4 (1−x) BNT-xBKT ceramics[21]

  • TAKENAKA 等 [24] 发现(1−x)(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3-xNaNbO3 体系在 x=0~0.08 mol 范围内存在三方–四方相准同型相界(MPB),在 x=0.03 mol 时,Pr 达到 32.6 μC / cm2d33=71 pC / N。李月明等[25]验证了(1−x)BNT-xNN 体系陶瓷的 MPB 范围在 x=0~0.08 mol 的准确性,在 x=0.02 时,该陶瓷压电性能(d33=88 pC / N)有一定程度的提升。

  • QI 等 [26] 发现(1−x)BNT−xNN 体系陶瓷在 x=0.22 mol 时在室温下获得巨大的储能密度 (W=7.02 J·cm−3)和优异的储能效率(η=85%),如图5 所示。BNT-NN 陶瓷不仅具有良好的储能性能,而且该体系陶瓷还具有较大电致应变。铁电有序性的破坏有利于外加电场下的大电致应变产生, HIRUMA 等[27]研究发现在 x=0.08~0.11 mol 时(1−x)BNT−xNN 体系陶瓷铁电相和反铁电相共存,电致应变达到最大 0.40 %,d*33 最大为 498 pm / V。 QI 等[28]研究发现在 x=0.10 mol 时(1−x)BNT−xNN 体系陶瓷在驰豫相和铁电相共存,制备工艺破坏了陶瓷的铁电有序性,得到的陶瓷的电致应变高达 0.54 %。

  • 图5 0.78BNT-0.22NN 陶瓷储能密度(W)和效率(η[26]

  • Fig.5 Energy storage density (W) and efficiency (η) of 0.78BNT-0.22NN ceramics on electric field[26]

  • 1.1.4 SrTiO3 第二组元改性

  • 钛酸锶(SrTiO3,简称 ST)是一种典型的钙钛矿型顺电体,具有介电损耗低、耐压强度高等特点,是一种优良的电介质材料。但由于其铁电性弱,极化强度低,储能密度的提升受到很大限制,研究者大多通过离子掺杂改善其储能特性。Ba2+与 Sr2+离子半径十分相近,这使得 Ba2+掺杂 ST 基陶瓷十分容易。

  • 目前,对 BNT-ST 体系的储能性能和耐压性能的研究较多,显示出该体系在储能方面很有潜力。 XU 等[29]研究了具有不同组分的 BNT-ST 厚膜的介电性质和微观结构,发现 ST 的掺入增大了膜的击穿强度,降低膜的漏电流密度,BNT-0.05ST 厚膜获得了 36.1 J / cm3 的储能密度,但此时储能效率仅 41%。ZHANG 等[30]研究了 BNT-ST 厚膜的储能性能,发现 ST 的掺入降低了 BNT 的介电常数以及漏电流密度,如图6 所示,当 ST 含量为 0.30 mol 时,材料的击穿场强也较大(600 kV / cm),储能密度达到了 2.7 J / cm3,但其储能效率仅 45 %。

  • 综上所述,BNT 基压电陶瓷通常通过添加 ABO3 型钙钛矿结构的第二组元化合物来改善 BNT 基陶瓷的整体性能,其中 BNT 基陶瓷与 BaTiO3、 Bi0.5K0.5TiO3 复合形成的二元体系主要是通过调整第二组元含量从而构建三方相与四方相共存的准同型相界(MPB)使陶瓷内部电畴更易偏转,从而获得较高的压电铁电性能,并降低 BNT 陶瓷的矫顽场。同时,BNT 基陶瓷与 NaNbO3 和 SrTiO3 复合形成的二元体系已经成为国内外研究学者的重点关注,主要是通过调控 NN 和 ST 第二组元含量提升其二元体系的储能密度和电致应变,为其在高温陶瓷电容器领域的应用奠定了坚实的基础。

  • 图6 不同电场下 BNT 基陶瓷[30]

  • Fig.6 BNT-based ceramics under different electric fields[30]

  • 1.2 BNT 基添加多组元改性

  • 除了上述 BNT-BT、BNT-BKT、BNT-NN 等二组元体系外,研究人员还会在这些 BNT 基二元体系的基础上添加第三组分和第四组分来固溶,通过扩大材料 MPB 的组分区域,微调各组分之间的比例,来获得性能更高的 BNT 基陶瓷。如 ZHANG 等[31] 研究了 BNT-BT-BKT 陶瓷在 MPB 附近的成分,其中 0.884BNT-0.036BT-0.08BKT 陶瓷的电学性能最佳,其 Prd33分别为 34.4 μC / cm2、122 pC / N。 LI 等[32]研究了(1−3x)BNT-2xBKT-xBT 体系,发现其 MPB 区在 x=0.024~0.035 mol 范围,当 x=0.035 mol 时,d33 为 150 pC / N,Pr=35.0 μC / cm2Ec = 4.55 kV / mm。WANG 等[33]研究了(0.95−x)BNTxBKT-5BT 压电陶瓷,发现该体系在 x=0.1 mol 附近体系时为三方相–四方相准同型相界,具有良好的压电性能,d33为 148 pC / N。

  • 同时,在以 BNT-BT、BNT-BKT 体系为基础添加第三组元来提升 BNT 基陶瓷压电和铁电性能的研究也较多。例如,LEE 等[34]以 BNT-BT 体系为基础添加了适量的ST,如图7所示,ST含量为0.08 mol 时,具有较高剩余极化值的 MPB 区,其 d33=160 pC / N,Pr=30.8 μC / cm2Ec=4.02 kV / mm。

  • 图7 不同 ST 含量 BNT 基陶瓷电滞回线[34]

  • Fig.7 P-E hysteresis loops of BNT based ceramics at different ST content[34]

  • BAI 等[35]研究了 Bi(Ni0.5Ti0.5)O3(BNiT)掺杂改性 0.94(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3-0.06BaTiO3(BNT-BT-xBNiT, 0≤x≤0.06 mol)陶瓷的性能并构建了该体系的相图。图8 揭示了掺杂含量与铁电和压电性能的依赖关系,当 x=0.025 mol 位于典型 MPB(Ⅰ)区域,d33 达到最大值为 160 pC / N,而 x=0.035 mol 位于 MPB(Ⅱ)区域,d33 几乎消失,但是逆压电系数达到 d33* =590 pm / V。

  • 图8 BNT-BT-xBNiT 陶瓷体系[35]

  • Fig.8 BNT-BT-xBNiT ceramic system[35]

  • LUO等[36]发现在BNT-BT体系基础上添加适量的 Ba0.77Ca0.23TiO3(BCT)陶瓷可提高其压电和铁电性能;BNT-BT-0.01BCT 陶瓷具有最佳的压电性能和最强的铁电性:d33=178 pC / N;Pr=36 μC / cm2Ec=2.45 kV / mm。 YANG 等 [37] 研究发现所有(1−xy)Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-xBi0.5K0.5TiO3-yBi0.5Li0.5TiO3 (简称 BNKLT-x / y)陶瓷中均可获得纯钙钛矿相,且具有三方结构。如图9 所示,当 x=0.22 mol 和 y=0.10 mol 时,BNKLT-x / y 的压电性能得到增强, Pr=31.92 μC / cm2Ec=3.24 kV / mm,d33=203 pC / N。

  • 图9 BNKLT-x / y 陶瓷电滞回线[37]

  • Fig.9 P-E hysteresis loops of BNKLT-x / y ceramic[37]

  • 郑凯平等[38]在BNT-BKT体系上添加了ST形成了 BNT-BKT-xST 三元系陶瓷。结果表明,随着 ST 含量的增加,陶瓷晶体结构逐渐由三方相向四方相过渡,且该体系的三方–四方准同型相界(MPB) 位于 0.03≤x≤0.04 mol,其中 x=0.04 mol 时,该体系电学性能较好:d33=156 pC / N,Pr=30.5 μC / cm2Ec=2.39 kV / mm。WU 等[39]在 BNT-NN 中添加适量的 BT,发现加入少量 BT(x=0.01,0.02),压电性能较 BNT-NN 二元体系有所改善,高于 BNT-BT 二元体系。马晋毅等 [40] 研究了(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3-NaNbO3-BaTiO3 三元系压电材料的介电和压电性能,随着 BaTiO3 含量的增加,该体系介电常数和损耗均出现增大的现象。当 x(Ba2+)=0.02 mol 时,三元系材料的压电系数 d33、机电耦合系数 kt 值都达到最大值(100 pC / N 和 0.41)。

  • 由此可见,BNT 基陶瓷不仅在二元体系下能够构建 MPB 相界来提升陶瓷的电学性能,而且能在二元体系的基础上进一步通过添加第三组分和第四组分来扩大陶瓷 MPB 的组分区域,通过微调各组分之间的比例含量,有效提升 BNT 基陶瓷的结构稳定性,获得更好的电学性能。目前,在压电陶瓷领域出现的陶瓷体系仅是众多压电材料的一部分,仍然有很大的探索空间。

  • 2 A、B 离子掺杂改性

  • BNT 基陶瓷同 PZT 陶瓷一样也为钙钛矿结构,通式为 ABO3,A 位的铋离子、钠离子和氧离子构成面心立方的晶体结构,B 位的钛离子占据氧八面体的中心。目前,离子掺杂改性可分为 A 位掺杂和 B 位掺杂。研究发现,当 BNT 进行 A 位离子掺杂时,有利于提高压电性能,降低矫顽场,改善其烧结的难易程度,且 A 位掺杂可以在一定程度上减少 Bi、Na 元素的挥发,从而改善材料的电学性能;B 位离子掺杂主要基于 Ti4+变价减少和晶格畸变等研究掺杂量对材料各项性能的影响[41-43]。离子掺杂改性明显改善了 BNT 基陶瓷的组织结构和电学性能。

  • 2.1 A 位离子掺杂

  • 在对 BNT 基陶瓷的 A 位离子掺杂中,按照维持晶胞结构稳定的原则,根据离子半径相近、电价大小合适的元素对 BNT 陶瓷中的 A 位钾离子、铋离子进行取代,既能保持结构的稳定,又能在掺杂后改善陶瓷的烧结特性和电学性能[44-45]。目前,BNT 基陶瓷 A 位离子掺杂主要有 Ba2+、Li+、La3+等。

  • A 位离子掺杂可以有效改善 BNT 陶瓷矫顽场,其中 Ba2+的效果最为明显(2.5~2.0 kV / mm),且 Ba2+的掺杂使BNT介电常数、压电性能有明显改善。 NAGATA[46]、郑夏莲[47]、WATANABE[48]、LIN[49] 等学者研究 Ba2+掺杂对 BNT 基陶瓷性能的影响,发现 Ba2+含量在 0.04<x<0.10 mol 时形成 MPB 相界。如图10 所示,当 x= 0.06 mol 时,Pr 能达到 46.2 μC / cm2Ec为 3.38 kV / mm,同时 d33最高可达 191 pC / N,压电性能显著提高。

  • 图10 室温下 x=0.06 时(Bi0.98−xLa0.02Na1−x0.5BaxTiO3 陶瓷电滞回线[49]

  • Fig.10 P-E hysteresis loops for the (Bi0.98-xLa0.02Na1−x) 0.5 BaxTiO3 ceramics with x = 0.02-0.12 at room temperature[49]

  • Li+ 作为 A 位单一掺杂离子,通过取代 Na+ 提高 BNT 陶瓷压电性能。DAI[50]、MING[51]、LIN[52-54]等学者研究发现,采用 Li+ 取代 BNT 基陶瓷中的 Na+ 可提高陶瓷压电和铁电性能,其 d33最高可达 252 pC / N, Pr可达 40.2 µC / cm2Ec最低为 2.47 kV / mm。同时, LIN 等[55]发现 Li+不仅取代 Na+,且会扩散到 Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 晶格中,形成纯钙钛矿结构的固溶体。固溶体的形成有效降低了陶瓷烧结温度,极大促进了陶瓷致密化。纯 BNT 陶瓷(即 x=0 mol),晶粒较大,直径约为 5.5 μm(图11a)。当 Li+ 含量为 0.075 mol 时,晶粒尺寸明显减小至 3.5 μm(图11b)。

  • 图11(1−x)BNT-xBLT 陶瓷[55]

  • Fig.11 (1−x) BNT-xBLT ceramics[55]

  • 另外,适量的 La3+掺杂可以改善 BNT 基陶瓷的压电性能和铁电性能。LI 等[56]发现 La3+掺杂显著提升了 BNT 基陶瓷电学性能,其 d33=184 pC / N, ε =983,tan δ=0.033,Ec=2.46 kV / mm。La3+掺杂不仅能改善 BNT 基陶瓷的电学性能,而且对组织结构有一定程度的影响。如图12 所示,ZHENG 等[57] 发现烧结温度为 1 150℃时, x = 0.04 mol 的陶瓷中长度为 10~50 μm、直径为 1~2 μm 的棒状晶粒,温度升高到 1 160℃,在 x = 0.06 mol 的陶瓷中棒状晶粒消失,呈现出均匀的矩形晶粒。x=0.04 的陶瓷具有较好的压电铁电性能,其最佳电学性能为 d33=165 pC / N,Pr=27.7 μC / cm2Ec=2.81 kV / mm。

  • 图12 BNT-BKT-xLa 陶瓷在 1 150℃下烧结 2 h 的 SEM 图[57]

  • Fig.12 SEM images of BNT-BKT-xLa ceramics sintered at 1 150℃ for 2 h[57]

  • 综上所述,在对 BNT 基陶瓷的 A 位离子掺杂中,由于 Ba2+、Li+、La3+等的离子半径和电价大小与 BNT 基陶瓷中的 A 位 K+,Bi3+匹配合适, A 位的 Ba2+、Li+、La3+等离子掺杂后改善了陶瓷的晶粒尺寸大小,调整了陶瓷的微观组织结构同时降低了陶瓷的烧结温度,从而大幅度降低了 BNT 基陶瓷的高矫顽场,显著提升了 BNT 基陶瓷的压电铁电性能。近年来国内外学者在 A 位离子掺杂的基础上,进一步采取不同的取代离子对其进行 B 位掺杂,以期进一步改善和提高材料的压电性能。

  • 2.2 B 位离子掺杂

  • B 位离子掺杂是指 BNT 中的 B 位钛离子被离子价态和半径尺寸相近的离子部分取代,目前取代 Ti4+最多的主要有 Mn2+、Nb5+、Fe2+等。在常见的多价态掺杂元素中,Mn 元素掺杂的研究最为广泛,掺杂效果也相对更好,其有效性先是在含铅陶瓷中得到验证,之后逐渐应用于无铅陶瓷体系。NAGATA 等[58]发现随着 Mn2+含量的增加,BNT 基陶瓷的居里温度 Tc迅速下降(图13),Mn2+主要取代 Ti4+存在于晶粒中,同时氧空位会弥补价态之间存在的电荷不平衡差异。GUO 等[59]发现 Mn4+取代导致 BNT 基陶瓷产生少量的氧空位,四方性显著增强,如图14 所示,x=0.25% mol 时晶粒尺寸显著增大,电学性能得到改善,其 Pr达到 48.5 μC / cm2d33 最高达到 105 pC / N,Tc=391℃,ɛr为 1 850。

  • 图13 BNT-xMn 陶瓷在 1MHz 时 Tc与 MnCO3含量的关系[58]

  • Fig.13 Curie temperature Tc at 1 MHz of BNT-xMn ceramics as a function of MnCO3 content[58]

  • 图14 不同 MnO2含量(Bi0.5Na0.5)Ti1−x MnxO3−δ陶瓷在 1 125℃下烧结 4 h 的 SEM 图[59]

  • Fig.14 SEM image of the surface of (Bi0.5Na0.5) Ti1−xMnxO3−δ ceramics sintered at 1 125℃ for 4 h with various MnO2 amounts[59]

  • Nb5+取代 Ti4+能够形成缺陷同时产生 A 位空位来补偿这种作用,A 位空位的产生会导致陶瓷的压电系数提高。如图15 所示,WANG 等[60]发现适量的Nb5+对陶瓷的晶体结构和晶粒形态没有明显的影响,但对 BNT 基陶瓷的压电性能有明显的提升,d33 可达 205 pC / N。同时,HAO 等[61]研究发现添加 Nb5+掺杂会诱导陶瓷三方相–四方相共存相到弛豫假立方相转变,破坏材料的长程铁电有序性,产生较大的电致伸缩效应,当掺杂量为 0.005 mol 时获得最大应变响应。

  • 图15 BNT-6BT-xNb 陶瓷在 1 110℃烧结 3 h 的 SEM 形貌[60]

  • Fig.15 SEM morphology of BNT-6BT-xNb ceramics at 1 110℃ for 3 h [60]

  • 通过以上研究发现,Mn 和 Nb 元素掺杂主要是通过对 BNT 基陶瓷 B 位 Ti4+进行取代并形成氧空位等缺陷来一定程度上可以改善材料电学性能,提高压电常数 d33、改善居里温度 Tc和介电性能。但是,在掺杂过程中由于离子不等价的掺杂会产生一定量的氧空位,使得晶格结构发生扭曲,缺陷增多,增加了 BNT 基无铅压电陶瓷的电导率,掺杂改性后的 BNT 基陶瓷结构和电学性能都有显著的改善。

  • 综上所述,BNT 基压电陶瓷无论是 A 位掺杂还是 B 位掺杂改性,主要按照维持晶胞结构稳定的原则,根据离子半径和电价大小的一致性对 BNT 陶瓷中的 A、B 位离子进行掺杂取代,通过调控掺杂元素含量来构建三方相和四方相共存的准同型相界 (MPB),在准同型相界处都可获得较高的压电性能和铁电性能。当 BNT 进行 A 位离子掺杂时,一定程度上改善 Bi、Na 元素的挥发及其烧结的难易程度,显著提升该陶瓷的压电铁电性能并降低矫顽场; B 位离子掺杂主要基于 Ti4+变价取代能够形成缺陷并产生 A 位空位来提升压电常数 d33、居里温度 Tc 和介电性能。同时,掺杂改性后的 BNT 基陶瓷虽然结构和性能都有了显著的提升,但是目前正处于探索发展阶段,其温度稳定性比较差,暂时不能满足实用化的要求。

  • 3 稀土离子掺杂改性

  • 随着无铅压电材料的深入发展,由于许多稀土离子半径与 Bi3+(1.17Å,CN=12)半径相近,通常研究最多的是引入稀土离子对 A 位的 Bi3+进行取代,借此提高其性能[62]。近些年采用稀土离子掺杂在压电基质中形成新的固溶体来实现压电铁电材料的发光特征的研究报道越来越丰富。其中,针对 BNT 基陶瓷的发光特性和高应变特性研究较多。通过稀土材料的发光特性来实现具有优异发光性能和高应变特性的 BNT 基陶瓷制备。

  • 广大研究人员通过调节稀土离子含量,获得高电致伸缩性 BNT 基陶瓷材料,同时使得该材料表现出优异的光致发光特征。近年来,研究最多的具有发光特性的高应变陶瓷体系是 BNT 基无铅陶瓷,表1 汇总了(Er、Pr、Eu、Sm、Ho、Sb) 等稀土离子对 BNT 基陶瓷材料电致应变-发光性能的研究。

  • 表1 BNT 基陶瓷材料电致应变-发光性能方面的研究

  • Table1 Research on the Electrostrain-Luminescence Performance of BNT Based Ceramics

  • 由此可知,稀土离子掺杂对 BNT 基陶瓷的光电性能有显著的影响:①由于稀土离子的半径与 BNT 基陶瓷中的(Na+、Bi3+)离子半径相差不大,容易发生等位取代,同时稀土离子与 A 位离子的半径差异以及价态不一致等问题,容易在取代过程中造成晶格畸变以及氧空位等缺陷。②稀土离子掺杂使陶瓷铁电长程有序性被破坏,导致陶瓷的弛豫特性更明显,从而提高陶瓷的电致应变性能及压电性能等。③稀土离子作为发光材料的活化剂,在适量的掺杂下可以使得 BNT 基陶瓷材料具有发光特性。

  • 4 结论与展望

  • 经过广大研究人员的不断探索与研究,压电陶瓷材料成为国内外重要的材料之一,在通信、航空航天等诸多领域得到重要而广泛的应用。通过对 BNT 基无铅压电陶瓷体系进行综述,并讨论了 BNT 基无铅陶瓷通过多组元改性、A / B 位离子取代及稀土离子掺杂等方法的特点,得出以下结论:

  • (1)BNT 基陶瓷引入合适的组元有利于构建三方相-四方相共存的准同型相界(MPB),显著提升BNT 基陶瓷的压电铁电性能。但在压电陶瓷领域出现的陶瓷体系仅是众多压电材料的一部分,仍然有很大的探索空间。

  • (2)BNT 基压电陶瓷无论是 A 位掺杂还是 B 位掺杂改性,主要按照维持晶胞结构稳定的原则,根据离子半径和电价大小的一致性对 BNT 陶瓷中的 A、B 位离子进行掺杂取代。当 BNT 进行 A 位离子掺杂时,一定程度上改善 Bi、Na 元素的挥发及其烧结的难易程度,显著提升该陶瓷的压电铁电性能并降低矫顽场;B 位离子掺杂主要基于 Ti4+变价取代能够形成缺陷并产生 A 位空位来提升压电常数 d33、居里温度 Tc 和介电性能。同时,掺杂改性后的 BNT 基陶瓷虽然结构和性能都有了显著的提升,但是目前正处于探索发展阶段,其温度稳定性比较差,暂时不能满足实用化的要求。

  • (3)稀土离子掺杂对 BNT 基陶瓷的光电性能有显著的影响,在适量的掺杂下可以使得 BNT 基材料具有发光特性同时提升压电性能。

  • 目前,广大学者在无铅压电陶瓷方面已开展了大量的研究并取得了阶段性成果,但在近一步提高无铅压电材料的压电性能方面遭遇到了瓶颈,至今仍难以在实际应用中广泛应用。对于钛酸铋钠陶瓷未来的发展趋势主要分为以下几点:

  • (1)对于材料本身核心的科学问题是如何揭示准同型相界的物理学本质及其对压电性能提升的机理。

  • (2)未来将集中研究对 MPB 相界范围内压电、铁电、介电特性和微结构,及其在外电场下的动态演化行为;研究组分调节对材料相结构稳定性、铁电畴结构及压电性能调控的物理机制,进而研发高性能无铅压电陶瓷并实现其产业化。

  • (3)当前关于喷涂法制备钛酸铋钠基压电陶瓷的研究较少,以后需要加强对这一方面的研究,以实现无铅压电陶瓷满足各种压电设备的市场要求与发展趋势。

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