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作者简介:

冯杰才,男,1982年出生,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师。主要研究方向为超快激光加工技术与设备。E-mail: fengjiecai@shu.edu.cn

中图分类号:TG178

DOI:10.11933/j.issn.1007-9289.20230925002

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目录contents

    摘要

    传统的铝合金表面处理技术存在污染环境、损伤铝合金基体和加工质量不一致等问题。激光束能量精确可控,可在保证满足工业生产要求的前提下减少对环境的污染,且易于实现自动化。航空发动机制造过程中需要采用金属-粘接剂-金属连接,为提高其胶接强度需要对金属进行表面毛化处理。通过在 LY12CZ 铝合金表面进行纳秒激光毛化,探讨纳秒激光脉冲能量、脉冲频率、脉冲宽度等工艺参数对微孔直径、深度、分布形式等形貌的影响规律,并分析铝合金表面激光烧蚀微孔成形机理及其胶接性能的强化机制。研究表明,当脉冲能量增大时,微坑深度和孔径逐渐增加。当脉冲宽度在 20~120 ns 时增大或脉冲频率在 10~90 kHz 时增大,会导致孔径和孔深增大。当脉冲宽度大于 120 ns 时增大,孔深会减少,孔径会缓慢上升后缓慢减小。当脉冲频率大于 70 kHz 时增大,孔深和孔径会增大。熔融物在 Marangoni 对流作用下形成火山口状表面微结构。微孔直径较大、深度较深,微孔间距较密集且微孔外部形状呈现火山状的微结构利于胶接剂的渗入,形成“钉扎”作用,可提高铝合金胶接剪切强度至 16.77 MPa,满足工业生产要求的 10 MPa,推荐的工艺参数是激光脉冲能量为 1.8 mJ、脉冲频率为 70 kHz、脉宽为 240 ns、烧蚀次数为 5 次、微孔间距为 100 μm。研究结果可为 LY12CZ 铝合金表面高质量的纳秒激光毛化提供参考。

    Abstract

    Owing to the development of aerospace technology, conventional aluminum-alloy surface-treatment technology can no longer satisfy the demands of industrial production for environmental protection and strength consistency. In this regard, nanosecond-laser texturing is an ideal surface-treatment technology that offers the advantages of high processing consistency, zero environmental pollution, and no damage to the processing substrate. However, studies regarding the nanosecond-laser texturing of LY12CZ aluminum alloy to enhance bonding performance are few, and the law of process parameters on micropore formation remains unclear. Therefore, the effects of process parameters on the micro-morphology of aluminum alloy are investigated and the relationship between the bonding-performance-enhancement mechanism and micro-morphology is determined. Specifically, a YLPN-2-20x500-300-5M nanosecond pulse laser is used to laser process a 25 mm×15 mm aluminum-alloy sample. The single-factor-analysis method is adopted to investigate the effects of laser energy (E), laser pulse width (τ), and laser frequency (f) on the morphology of micropores. Laser texturing is performed under a hole spacing of 100 µm, a marking speed of 40 mm / s, and a jump speed of 5 mm / s. E, τ, and f are varied separately to observe their effects on the surface morphology of micropores under a metallographic microscope. A three-dimensional profilometer is used to inspect the processed samples, and the diameter and depth of the micropores are recorded. The analysis software SensoVIEW is used to obtain the average results and construct a graph showing the effects of E, τ, and f on the hole diameter and depth. The formation rules and mechanisms of the micropores are analyzed based on observation results. The tensile shear strength of the sample is measured in accordance with GB / T7124-2008. The tensile shear strength of adhesives (rigid material to rigid material) is determined, and the average results are obtained. The optimal processing parameters are selected after comparing the shear strength, and the relationship between the micro-morphology and shear strength is analyzed. The result shows that E is the main factor affecting the surface microstructure of aluminum alloys. As E increases, the diameter and hole depth increase gradually. When τ is 20–120 ns or the pulse frequency is increased to 10–90 kHz, the hole diameter and depth increase. When τ exceeds 120 ns and increases, the hole depth decreases, whereas the hole diameter increases and then decreases gradually. When f increases above 70 kHz, the hole depth and diameter increase. Meanwhile, when lower E and τ values or higher f values are selected, the aluminum alloy in the laser-processing area flows from the edge to the center of the molten pool. This causes a buildup of molten metal, thus forming in a bulge in the center of the pool. After the aluminum alloy solidifies, a Mexican-hat shape with a convex center and concave edges is formed on the aluminum-alloy specimen. Its hole depth and diameter are small, thus rendering the adhesive’s bonding effect unsatisfactory. Consequently, the bonding performance of the aluminum alloy is subpar. When the appropriate E, τ, and f are selected, the aluminum alloy in the laser-processing area forms a crater-like microstructure owing to Marangoni convection. The micropores exhibit large diameters, large depths, small micropore spacings, and a volcano-like microstructure around the micropores, thus facilitating the penetration of the adhesive and resulting in a “pinning” effect. Consequently, the shear strength of the aluminum-alloy bonding increases to 16.77 MPa, which satisfies industrial production requirements (10 MPa). The recommended process parameters are as follows: laser pulse energy, 1.8 mJ; pulse frequency, 70 kHz; pulse width, 240 ns; ablation times, 5; and micropore spacing, 100 μm. The results of this study serve as useful reference for the high-quality nanosecond laser texturing of LY12CZ aluminum-alloy surfaces.

  • 0 前言

  • 在航空航天铝合金表面胶接隔热材料,可满足航空航天等领域构件对轻量化和耐热性能的需求[1-2]。铝合金表面特性显著影响其与隔热材料的胶接性能[3]。传统的铝合金表面处理技术是喷砂、打磨[4],化学处理法,阳极氧化法[5-6]等。虽然可以满足现有生产要求,但是仍存在损伤铝合金基体、劳动强度大和污染环境等问题[7-9]。新型纳秒脉冲激光可以在铝合金表面制备微米级孔洞,改变铝合金的表面微结构,也称为激光毛化。纳秒激光毛化为非接触式加工,不损失基材。同时,纳秒激光脉冲能量精准可控,且加工不污染环境,易于实现自动化,是一种极具潜力的材料表面加工技术[10-11]。此外,与传统连续激光相比,纳秒激光具有热影响区域小、峰值功率大和可控性更强等优势[12-14]。虽然皮秒、飞秒激光可以获得更加微细的铝合金表面微结构,但是其设备价格昂贵,维护成本高,目前不适用于大规模应用和工业生产[15-17]

  • 激光毛化研究领域着重于微坑形貌演变规律和材料性能改进[18],微坑的典型形貌有墨西哥帽状、火山口状和球冠状[19]。VILHENA 等[20]研究了在不同激光模式下火山口毛化微坑形成特征。陈宗汪等[21]研究了不同扫描速度和脉冲能量下硅钢表面质量和微观形貌。徐阳阳等[22]用 Nd-YAG 脉冲激光器在气缸套表面毛化,研究脉冲激光参数对气缸套表面微坑形貌和磨损性能的影响。NANDAKUMAR等[23]采用激光毛化的方式在发动机活塞表面构建火山口状微沟槽,降低发动机的油耗。

  • 纳秒激光加工在改变金属表面性质上应用广泛,成健等 [24] 使用纳秒-飞秒激光加快制备 Ti-6Al-4V(TC4)合金高抗反射表面的效率,在金属表面刻蚀蜂窝式槽状结构,提升光吸收性能。 MAZZI 等[25]模拟不同激光能量密度下纳秒激光烧蚀铝,揭示相爆炸过程中形成的铝液滴的尺寸分布。 ROMOLI[26]等研究激光毛化对铝合金粘接接头胶接强度的影响,分析表面粗糙度和对胶接强度的影响。

  • 铝合金胶接涉及复杂的物理与化学过程,而铝合金与胶粘剂的表面、界面之间的相互作用是影响其胶接性能的主要因素[27-28]。铝合金表面易氧化,形成氧化铝薄膜,使得铝合金表面亲水性减弱,导致铝合金胶接强度降低[29]。通过激光来改变铝合金表面微结构,增加铝合金表面与胶粘剂的接触面积,可以增加铝合金微凹面和胶粘剂之间的钉扎效应[30]。将胶接失效的主要原因由胶粘剂从材料表面脱落转变为胶粘剂内聚强度不足,从而提高铝合金的胶接性能[31]。 SINGH 等[17]和 ZHEMCHUZHNIKOVA 等[32]研究发现,采用纳秒脉冲激光烧蚀材料表面[33],形成微柱阵列可有效改善其胶接性能。

  • 综上可知,国内外对激光毛化的相关研究主要以常规脉冲激光对金属表面进行毛化,对纳秒激光毛化相关工艺参数对微坑形貌和胶接性能影响规律研究较少。因此,本文以航天铝合金为研究对象,开展 LY12CZ 铝合金表面纳秒激光毛化工艺及其胶接性能研究。主要研究激光脉冲能量、脉冲频率、脉冲宽度等工艺参数对微孔直径、深度、分布形式等形貌的影响规律,进一步分析铝合金表面激光烧蚀微孔成形机理及其胶接性能的强化机制,为脉冲激光毛化工艺技术工程化应用提供理论基础和技术支撑。

  • 1 试验准备

  • 1.1 试样材料

  • 试验过程中选取的材料为采用单片制造的 LY12CZ 铝合金,其组成成分(质量分数)如表1 所示,该材料强度高且有一定耐热性,胶粘剂采用 E-7 高温结构胶,主体树脂为氨基四官能环氧树脂。铝合金试样尺寸为 100 mm×25 mm×2 mm。在激光纹理加工前将试样表面用 0 号砂纸打磨,并用蒸馏水进行超声波清洗后进行 30 min 的冷风干燥。

  • 表1 LY12CZ 的化学成分(质量分数 / %)

  • Table1 Chemical composition of LY12CZ (wt.%)

  • 1.2 试验过程

  • 激光表面毛化使用IPG 公司生产的YLPN-2-20× 500-300-5M 纳秒脉冲激光器,详细参数为:波长为 1 064 nm,激光束质量因子 M2≤1.8,脉冲宽度 τ 为 20~500 ns 可调,最大平均功率为 300 W,最大单脉冲能量 E 为 2 mJ,脉冲重复频率 f 范围为 2~4 000 kHz,平均功率不稳定幅度为±5%,此次试验中采用焦距 WD=197.442 mm 的振镜。

  • 激光表面毛化过程如图1 所示,通过改变 Eτf 和标刻速度与跳转速度来控制点阵的孔深和孔径,获得具有不同形貌的激光点阵表面。铝合金材料加工范围是 25 mm×15 mm,如图2 所示。在振镜控制软件上设置点阵激光的加工路径如图3 所示。

  • 图1 激光加工系统示意图

  • Fig.1 Schematic diagram of laser processing system

  • 图2 铝合金加工区域

  • Fig.2 Aluminum alloy processing area

  • 图3 激光加工路径

  • Fig.3 Laser scanning path

  • 采用单因素分析法研究激光参数对毛化微坑形貌的影响规律,其他工艺参数经过优化调整后保持为:孔间距 100 μm,标刻速度 40 mm / s,跳转速度 5 mm / s,标刻次数 5 次,零离焦。主要考虑以下 3 个参数的影响:激光脉冲能量(E),脉冲宽度(τ),脉冲频率(f)。

  • 1.3 测试与表征

  • 试样经过激光加工后先采用 OLYMPUS MODEL BX53MRF-S型金相显微镜观察200倍放大倍率下的表面形貌,测量并统计 10 个微孔的平均直径,再采用 Sensofar 3D 光学轮廓仪测量 5 个微孔的平均深度,绘制材料三维表面形貌图。

  • 根据GB / T7124-2008胶粘剂拉伸剪切强度的测定(刚性材料对刚性材料)标准[34]来对试样进行拉伸剪切强度测定。材料拉伸试验如图4 所示,每组参数进行 5 次重复试验,结果取 5 次试验的平均值[9]

  • 图4 材料拉伸(mm)

  • Fig.4 Material stretch (mm)

  • 2 结果与讨论

  • 2.1 激光脉冲能量对孔深和孔径的影响

  • 图5 是采用不同的激光脉冲能量进行加工的铝合金表面放大 200 倍的金相图。激光加工参数的能量设置为 40%~90%(每次间隔 10%),对应 E 为 0.8~1.8 mJ(每次间隔 0.2 mJ),τ 为 240 ns,f 为 30 kHz。

  • 图6 所示为孔径和孔深随激光脉冲能量的变化。从图5 和图6 中可以看到改变 E 对孔深和孔径有显著的影响。根据图5a 可知在 E=0.8 mJ 下的试样中孔的颜色较白,孔深很浅,这是因为低的激光脉冲能量把原先在铝合金表面形成的氧化铝薄膜烧蚀,但并没有达到铝合金的烧蚀阈值,只达到将氧化铝薄膜进行激光清洗的效果。如图5b、5c 所示,在 E=1.0 mJ 和 E=1.2 mJ 的情况下,激光脉冲能量达到铝合金的烧蚀阈值,在材料表面开始有黑色的微孔,由于脉冲能量较低,导致微孔两侧堆积物较多,微孔呈椭圆状。如图5d、5e 所示,随着脉冲能量的增加,直径也逐渐增大,微孔两侧堆积物减少,孔深逐渐增加。如图5f 所示,在 E=1.8 mJ 下的试样中孔径和孔深都是最大的。

  • 图5 不同脉冲能量下得到的铝合金微孔形貌(200×)

  • Fig.5 Micro-pores morphology of aluminum alloy obtained at different pulse energy (200×)

  • 图6 孔径和孔深随激光脉冲能量的变化曲线

  • Fig.6 Variation curve of hole diameter and hole depth and with laser pulse energy

  • 随着 E 增加,烧蚀深度、微孔凸起高度、微孔直径以及微孔凸起外径逐渐增大。激光点阵孔径平均值随脉冲能量的变化情况如图6 所示,随着脉冲能量从 0.8 mJ 到 1.8 mJ,微孔直径从 27.7 μm 增大到 55.1 μm。图7 显示不同的脉冲能量对铝合金表面 3D 轮廓的影响,结果发现当 E≥1.4 mJ 时,形成的微孔更加明显和有规律,在 E=1.8 mJ 时,微孔分布规律最明显,采取较高单脉冲能量进行加工能够提高铝合金表面毛化效果。

  • 图7 激光脉冲能量 E 对铝合金表面 3D 轮廓的影响(μm)

  • Fig.7 Influence of pulse energy E on the 3D profile of the aluminum alloy surface (μm)

  • 2.2 脉冲宽度对微孔形貌的影响

  • 图8 是纳秒激光脉冲宽度对铝合金材料表面形貌的影响。在 E=1.8 mJ,f=30 kHz 的情况下更改脉冲宽度。由图8 可知,τ=20 ns 和 τ=30 ns 时,激光加工形成规律的白色微孔,随着脉冲宽度的提升,微孔逐渐变黑。τ 的提升,提高了激光的平均功率,使得铝合金试样吸收的能量增多,材料熔渣往两侧堆积从而形成微孔。当 τ=500 ns 时,材料吸收的能量最多,材料熔渣的堆积极其明显,并导致微孔的孔深和孔径的下降,如图8f 所示。

  • 图8 不同脉冲宽度下得到的铝合金微孔形貌(200×)

  • Fig.8 Micro-pores morphology of aluminum alloy obtained at different pulse width (200×)

  • 图9 为孔径和孔深随激光脉冲宽度的变化曲线。随着 τ 的增大,孔径和孔深先增加后减小。图10 显示脉冲宽度对铝合金表面 3D 轮廓的影响,随着 τ 从 20 ns 逐渐增大到 240 ns,铝合金表面形貌呈现微锥柱为主、微孔为辅的微结构,分布呈现规律性,微锥柱直径从 20.9 μm 增大到 42.4 μm,当 τ=500 ns 时,微锥柱直径略微降低至 39.9 μm。随着 τ 的增加,激光与材料表面作用时间增大,材料熔渣更多,不规律地向四周堆积,导致微锥柱分布规律逐渐变得不明显。采用 240 ns 激光脉冲宽度可以得到规律的微锥柱和较深的孔深,从而提升铝合金表面毛化质量。

  • 图9 孔径和孔深随激光脉冲宽度的变化

  • Fig.9 Variation of hole diameter and hole depth with laser pulse width

  • 图10 脉冲宽度对铝合金表面 3D 轮廓的影响(μm)

  • Fig.10 Effect of pulse width on the 3D profile of the aluminum alloy surface (μm)

  • 2.3 脉冲频率对微孔形貌的影响

  • 图11 所示是纳秒激光脉冲频率对铝合金材料表面形貌的影响。在 E=1.8 mJ,τ=240 ns 的情况下更改 f。图12 所示为孔径和孔深随激光脉冲频率的变化曲线,随着 f 的提高,孔径呈先减小后上升的变化趋势,孔深呈下降趋势,周围的熔融物堆积由清晰可见变成模糊不清。

  • 图11 不同脉冲频率下得到的铝合金微孔形貌(200×)

  • Fig.11 Micro-pores morphology of aluminum alloy obtained at different pulse frequency (200×)

  • 图12 孔径和孔深随激光脉冲频率的变化

  • Fig.12 Variation of hole diameter and hole depth with laser pulse frequency

  • 图13 展示了 f 对铝合金表面 3D 轮廓的影响。随着 f 从 10 kHz 逐渐增大到 90 kHz,铝合金表面形貌既有微锥柱,也有微孔结构,孔径逐渐减小,孔深快速下降,随着 f 从 90 kHz 增大到 110 kHz,孔径反而增大,孔深由略微提高。采取 70 kHz 左右的脉冲频率加工能够提高铝合金表面的毛化效果。

  • 图13 脉冲频率 f 对铝合金表面 3D 轮廓的影响(μm)

  • Fig.13 Effect of pulse frequency f on the 3D profile of aluminum alloy surface (μm)

  • 2.4 铝合金表面激光烧蚀微孔成形机理

  • 从 Marangoni 对流理论中可得知温度梯度导致材料向更冷的一端流动,熔融状态下的金属会更倾向于由熔池中心向温度更低的熔池周围移动,并且堆积在凹坑周围[35]。如果材料从熔池边缘向熔池中心流动,那么会引起熔融金属堆积,导致熔池中心凸起,在材料凝固后,就会形成中心凸起边缘凹陷的墨西哥帽状,如图14a 所示。如果材料从熔池中心流向熔池边缘,那么熔融金属流失则会导致熔池中心凹陷,在材料凝固后,形成边缘凸起,四周凹陷的火山口状如图14b 所示。

  • 图14 马格兰尼对流示意图

  • Fig.14 Schematic diagram of Marangoni convection

  • 在不同脉冲能量范围内铝合金表面物化状态不同,随着 E 的增加,铝合金表面由熔化去除逐渐转变为气化去除。熔化过程中形成的熔池还在冷却后形成不同的形貌,而在气化过程中会产生蒸汽,其反冲作用力作用在熔池表面,所形成的微坑深度明显增加。当 E≥1.2 mJ 时,微孔凸起高度以及微孔凸起宽度较大,整个微孔外部有大量熔融物堆积,形成了类似于火山状的微孔。当 0.8mJ≤E≤1.2 mJ 时,微孔外部凸起高度较高,但宽度较小,呈细长针状,形成了墨西哥帽状的微孔。当 E≤0.8 mJ 时,因为激光脉冲能量低,激光光束边缘的强度无法达到材料的烧蚀阈值,因此铝合金表面的微孔凸起高度及宽度较小,微孔深度较小只是呈略微凹坑状,实际并未形成深孔,故能量较低时,铝合金表面无法形成有深度的微孔。

  • τ≤60 ns 时,由于材料吸收的激光能量少,只达到了铝合金表面氧化膜的烧蚀阈值,而未达到铝合金的烧蚀阈值,只在表面达到清除氧化铝薄膜的效果,形成白色圆孔,微孔烧蚀深度较小。随着 τ 的增大,材料吸收的能量增大,孔的烧蚀深度增加。当 60 ns≤τ≤120 ns 时,金属熔化占主导,随着 τ 增加,激光平均功率减小,微孔烧蚀深度减小。在脉宽从 120 ns 上升到 240 ns 时,激光毛化的主要作用模式从金属的熔化剥离变成气化剥离,气化剥离会产生一种反作用力,这会使微孔的烧蚀深度显著增加;当 τ≥240 ns 时,在微孔上方会出现等离子体,因此产生等离子体的屏蔽作用,微孔深度的增长速率逐渐降低,微孔直径也越来越小。当 τ≤60 ns 时,铝合金表面熔融物飞溅较少,微孔周围几乎无凸起,表面很干净,但此时的微孔并未形成有深度的孔,而只是略为凹陷的凹坑状,且此时的微孔直径较小。当 60 ns≤τ≤120 ns 时,微孔周围飞溅物增多,微孔周围凸起高度及宽度增加,但凸起顶部宽度仍较小,故微孔外部形状为上细下宽的墨西哥帽状。当 τ≥240 ns 时,微孔周围熔融物堆积增多,凸起高度及宽度增加,微孔外部形状为上宽下宽的火山状。

  • 当 10 kHz≤f≤70 kHz 时,激光能量平均功率较大,微孔直径大,微孔突起高度较高,但凸起顶部宽度较小,底部宽度较大,微孔外部形状为上尖下宽的墨西哥帽状。当 70 kHz≤f≤110 kHz 时,微孔外部熔融物堆积较多,微孔凸起高度及宽度较大,微孔凸起顶部宽度增加,外部形状为火山状。当 f ≥110 kHz 时,微孔表面熔融物堆积过多,致使孔与孔之间的间距由熔融物堆积填满,微孔形状由圆形变为不规则圆形。

  • 2.5 铝合金胶接性能及其强化机制

  • 铝合金的胶接性能受微孔表面形貌及微孔阵列密度影响较明显。当 f=30 kHz、烧蚀次数为 5 次、 τ=240 ns、微孔间距为 100 μm、E=1.6 mJ 时,铝合金表面胶接剪切强度仅为 9.42 MPa,小于工业生产要求的 10 MPa;当 f=70 kHz、烧蚀次数为 5 次、 τ = 240 ns、微孔间距为 100 μm、E = 1.8 mJ 时,铝合金胶接剪切强度为 16.79 MPa,满足工业生产要求。

  • 分析表面微结构,结果表明:微孔间距过大,孔深较浅,且微孔形状为墨西哥帽状时,胶粘剂的胶接效果较差,导致铝合金胶接性能差。当微孔间距较小,孔深较大,且微孔形状为火山状时,胶粘剂能更加有效渗入微孔内部,形成“钉扎”作用,其胶接效果更好,提升了铝合金的胶接剪切强度,如图15a 所示。而未激光毛化处理的铝合金表面较为平整,无“钉扎”作用,其胶接剪切强度较低,如图15b 所示。

  • 图15 铝合金胶接“钉扎”强化机制

  • Fig.15 Pinning strengthening mechanism of aluminum alloy bonding

  • 因此,获得胶接性能高的铝合金表面,其微结构为微孔直径较大、深度较深,微孔间距较密集且微孔外部形状呈现火山状,推荐的工艺参数是 E = 1.8 mJ、f = 70 kHz、烧蚀次数为 5 次、τ = 240 ns、微孔间距为 100 μm。

  • 如图16 所示,采用优化后的激光加工参数后,胶接剪切强度最高可以达到 16.77 MPa,超过生产需求规定的 10 MPa,相比于未优化参数强度提高79 %。激光毛化处理相比于喷砂处理后的铝合金胶接剪切强度略微下降,但都符合生产要求的强度。相比于喷砂处理,激光毛化的可控性更强,并且对表面质量的伤害更低,避免了对工件造成损伤和变形。

  • 图16 三种情况下的位移-剪切强度变化

  • Fig.16 Displacement-shear strength changes in three cases

  • 由图13d 可知,在优化后的参数下制备的微孔结构仍然存在不稳定性,孔深和孔径都存在相差较大的情况,这会导致铝合金试样不同区域的剪切强度不一致,降低铝合金胶接性能的一致性。但是相比于传统毛化手段——喷砂处理,纳秒激光加工形成的微孔结构更具有规律性,加工后的铝合金胶接性能相比之下一致性更强。当形成的孔深较深和周围熔融物堆积起来的棱柱较高时,与胶接性形成的 “钉扎”左右会更显著,这部分区域的胶接性能会有所提高。

  • 3 结论

  • 本文利用纳秒脉冲激光实现航空铝合金表面的激光毛化,通过观察改变参数后铝合金表面的金相图和三维形貌图研究激光脉冲能量、脉冲宽度和脉冲频率对材料表面微观结构及胶接强度的影响,得出优选加工参数。总结不同情况下铝合金表面微观结构形成机理,主要结论如下:

  • (1)在所选试验参数范围内,随着激光脉冲能量的增大,孔深和孔径增大;随着激光脉冲宽度的增大,孔径和孔深先快速增大,超过一定脉冲宽度之后孔径和孔深逐渐变小;随着激光脉冲频率的增大,孔径和孔深减小,当激光脉冲频率大于 90 kHz 后,孔径和孔深都开始增大。

  • (2)墨西哥帽状的微孔形貌形成的胶钉小,胶接性能差,剪切强度低。减小微孔间距可以增加胶钉数量,微孔形成火山状形貌可以有效增加胶钉的深度,增强胶粘剂的钉扎效应,显著提高胶接剪切强度。

  • (3)合适的工艺参数可以有效提高胶接剪切强度,在所选试验条件下,推荐加工参数为:激光脉冲能量为 1.8 mJ、脉冲频率为 70 kHz、烧蚀次数为 5 次、脉宽为 240 ns、微孔间距为 100 μm。相比未优化激光参数加工胶接剪切强度可以提高 79%,最高达到 16.77 MPa。

  • 观察与测量毛化后铝合金表面的微观形貌,确保其为火山状形貌,可以用于优化激光加工工艺参数,为优选参数提供了理论指导。在推荐参数下制备的微孔并不稳定,存在孔深和孔径相差较大的情况,并且一部分形成微孔,一部分形成棱柱,使得胶接强度的一致性受到限制。后续试验可进一步探讨工艺参数对微孔一致性的影响,以更好地制备胶接性能强的铝合金。

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    • [15] WEIXLER J,ZWEIFEL M,WEGENER K.300 fs pulsed laser ablation of Al2O3 ceramic and introduction of a predictive model[J].Materials & Design,2022,217:110614.

    • [16] WEIXLER J,MICHAEL K,JAEGER R,et al.Pulsed laser ablation of cutting edge geometries in alumina and zirconia composites at 200 fs and 2 ps[J].Ceramics International,2023,49(5):7252-7257.

    • [17] SINGH A,CAPRIO L,PREVITALI B,et al.Processability of pure Cu by LPBF using a ns-pulsed green fiber laser[J].Optics & Laser Technology,2022,154:108310.

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    • [20] VILHENA L M,SEDLACEK M,PODGORNIK B,et al.Surface texturing by plused ND:YAG laser[J].Tribology International,2009,42(10):1496-1504

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    • [22] 徐阳阳,韩晓光,徐久军,等.激光表面织构微坑形貌及面积占有率对氮化气缸套摩擦学性能的影响[J].中国表面工程,2021,34(4):149-157.XU Yangyang,HAN Xiaoguang,XU Jiujun,et al.Effect of surface texture micro-pit morphology and area density on tribological properties of nitrided cylinder liner[J].China Surface Engineering,2021,34(4):149-157.(in Chinese)

    • [23] NANDAKUMAR M B,SUDHAKAR K G,NATU H,et al.Experimental investigation of the effect of laser texturing on the used IC engine piston skirt[J].Materials Today:Proceedings,2018,112:216-238.

    • [24] 成健,陈宇龙,谢丰,等.纳秒-飞秒激光复合制备TC4合金高抗反射表面[J].中国表面工程,2023,36(5):156-166 CHENG Jian,CHEN Yulong,XIE Feng,et al.Highly anti-reflective surface on TC4 alloy fabricated with nanosecond and femtosecond lasers[J].China Surface Engineering,2023,36(5):156-166.(in Chinese)

    • [25] MAZZI A,MIOTELLO A.Simulation of phase explosion in the nanosecond laser ablation of aluminum[J].Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2017,489:126-30.

    • [26] ROMOLI L,MORONI F,KHAN M M A.A study on the influence of surface laser texturing on the adhesive strength of bonded joints in aluminium alloys[J].Cirp Annals,2017,66(1):237-40.

    • [27] 潘慧铭,黄素娟.表面、界面的作用与粘接机理(一)[J].粘接,2003,(2):40-45.PAN Huiming,HUANG Sujuan.Eeffect of surface,interface and adhesion principle(Ⅰ)[J].Adhesion,2003(2):40-45.(in Chinese)

    • [28] 尹华丽,王清和.界面粘接性能的影响因素[J].固体火箭技术,1998,21(3):40-46.YIN Huali,WANG Qinghe.Factors of influencing the bond characteristics at interface[J].Journal of Solid Rocket Technology,1998,(3):40-46.(in Chinese)

    • [29] CHUN D M,NGO C V,LEE K M.Fast fabrication of superhydrophobic metallic surface using nanosecond laser texturing and low-temperature annealing[J].CIRP Annals,2016,65(1):519-22.

    • [30] 赵云峰.表面处理对硅橡胶胶粘剂胶接性能的影响[J].化学与粘合,2001(2):49-51.ZHAO Yunfeng.Study on the influence of surface treatment on silicone rubber adhesive bonding properties[J].Chemistry and Adhesion,2001(2):49-51.(in Chinese)

    • [31] UEHARA K,SAKURAI M.Bonding strength of adhesives and surface roughness of joined parts[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2002,127(2):178-81.

    • [32] ZHEMCHUZHNIKOVA D,ZOLLINGER J.Microstructure formation in 6061 aluminum alloy during nano-second pulsed laser processing[J].Journal of Materials Processing Tech,2023,314:117898.

    • [33] 聂翔宇,汤海波,刘澜涛,等.激光相变强化工艺参数对40CrNiMo钢组织与耐磨性的影响[J].中国表面工程,2022,35(1):237-246.NIE Xiangyu,TANG Haibo,LIU Lantao,et al.Effects of process parameters on microstructure and wear properties of 40CrNiMo steel by laser transformation hardening[J].China Surface Engineering,2022,35(1):237-246.(in Chinese)

    • [34] 全国胶粘剂标准化技术委员会.GB/T 33334−2016 胶粘剂单搭接拉伸剪切强度试验方法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2016.National Adhesive Standardization Technical Committee.GB/T33334−2016 Single-lap tensile shear strength testing of adhesive[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2016.(in Chinese).

    • [35] ZHAO C X,KWAKERNAAK C,PAN Y,et al.The effect of oxygen on transitional Marangoni flow in laser spot welding [J].Acta Materialia,2010,58(19):6345-6357.

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