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作者简介:

江平,男,1997年出生,硕士研究生。主要研究方向为高性能金属材料。E-mail: 1435684633@qq.com

通讯作者:

朱协彬,男,1964年出生,博士,教授,硕士研究生导师。主要研究方向为高性能金属材料和增材制造与再制造表面工程技术。E-mail: zxb@ahpu.edu.cn

中图分类号:TB333

DOI:10.11933/j.issn.1007-9289.20231009004

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目录contents

    摘要

    通常在曲轴与轴瓦等摩擦副表面制备传统硬质涂层提高其耐磨性,但这对对偶件没有减磨效果,整体减磨效果不佳。为了提高摩擦副的使用寿命,采用高速激光熔覆技术在 45 钢表面制备 Fe / Ti3SiC2耐磨减摩复合涂层,优化激光熔覆工艺参数,并研究工艺参数对涂层组织结构与性能的影响。研究表明,涂层工艺参数对涂层的摩擦性能影响程度大小依次是:激光功率、送粉量、扫描速率,最佳工艺参数为激光功率 2.5 kW、送粉量为 15 g / min、扫描速率为 14 mm / s。涂层显微硬度达到 591.7 HV0.2,涂层与基体结合处主要由柱状晶、树枝晶和平面晶组成,激光功率增加导致晶粒粗化,适当增大扫描速率和送粉量可使晶粒得到细化。摩擦磨损结果显示,在室温、载荷 30 N 和时间 30 min 的摩擦磨损试验中,该复合涂层表现出最佳摩擦性能,涂层磨损量 0.4 mg,对偶件的磨损量 0.7 mg。与未熔覆复合涂层的基体相比,复合涂层的磨损量降低了 94%,同时其对偶件的磨损量降低了 65%,表明 Fe / Ti3SiC2 复合涂层在大幅提升工件表面耐磨性能的同时,还能减少其对偶部件的磨损,使整个摩擦系统性能得到系统提升,是一种高性能的耐磨减摩复合涂层。该研究解决了传统硬质涂层提升工件自身耐磨性能,但会增加其对偶部件磨损的技术难题。

    Abstract

    Traditional hard coatings are typically prepared on the surfaces of crankshafts, shingles, and other friction parts to improve wear resistance. However, these coatings have been shown to have no wear-reducing effect on their counterparts, and the overall wear-reducing effect is poor. In this study, Fe / Ti3SiC2 wear-resistant and friction-reducing composite coatings were prepared on the surfaces of specimens of 45 steel using high-speed laser cladding technology under different process parameters. The objective was to achieve a friction vice that improves the wear resistance of the workpiece and reduces the wear of dyadic parts. The hardness of the composite coatings was examined under different process parameters using a Vickers microhardness test. Friction wear tests of the composite coatings under different process parameters were conducted at room temperature using a friction wear machine, and the wear mark morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Elemental analysis of some specimen areas was performed using self-contained energy dispersive spectroscopy. The wear amount of each coating on the pin of the grinding specimen was recorded as a criterion, and the mean value and extreme deviation of each process parameter were calculated to optimize the process parameters of the high-speed laser melting of the Fe / Ti3SiC2 wear-resistant and friction-reducing composite coatings. X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy were utilized to examine the physical phases and cross-sectional morphology of the composite coatings under different process parameters, and the effects of these process parameters on the organization and properties of the coatings were investigated.The optimal combination of process parameters for the composite coatings was estimated to be a laser power of 2.5 kW, powder feeding amount of 15 g / min, scanning rate of 14 mm / s, and coating microhardness of 591.7 HV0.2. The macroscopic morphology of the cross-section of the single-pass cladding layer of the coating in the laser power was constant. When the scanning rate was too fast or the amount of powder delivery was too large, the dilution rate of the coating decreased whereby the coating showed an morphology, which in turn prevented the coating and substrate from forming a good metallurgical bond. The combination of coating and substrate was mainly composed of columnar, dendritic, and planar crystals, but the size of the organizational structure of the coating changed under different process parameters. With an increase in laser power, the input heat increased and the degree of subcooling decreased such that the grains coarsened. With a suitable increase in the scanning rate and amount of powder delivery, the fusion layer of powder particles was subjected to a lower heat and the rate of subcooling increased, which led to a refinement of the grains. A 30-min friction wear test at room temperature and under a 30-N load showed that the composite coatings under different process parameters exhibited different abrasion patterns. By contrast, the composite coatings under the optimal process parameters showed the best friction performance, where the amounts of wear of the coating and paired parts were 0.4 and 0.7 mg, respectively. Compared with the amount of wear of the matrix of non-fusion-coated composite coatings under the same friction wear test parameters, the wear amount of the composite coating was reduced by 94%, whereas that of the couple was reduced by 65%. By contrast, the Fe-based coating without Ti3SiC2 under the same parameters did not reduce the wear amount on the couple despite an increase in abrasion resistance; the wear amount on the couple was increased due to its own hardness. These results showed that the addition of composite coatings under appropriate process parameters, greatly improving the wear resistance of the workpiece surface while reducing wear on the dual parts. Thus, the performance of the entire friction system was systematically improved under the high-performance wear-resistant friction-reducing composite coatings. This study solves the technical problem wherein traditional hard coatings, despite enhancing the wear resistance of the workpiece, increase the wear of the spouse parts.

  • 0 前言

  • 曲轴与轴瓦、活塞与气缸等摩擦副在内燃机[1]、柴油机[2]和航空发动机等机械设备中运用十分广泛。但机械设备工作环境逐渐恶劣,摩擦副表面抗磨损能力不足,摩擦副使用寿命缩短。为此通常在零部件表面制备耐磨损涂层,但涂层的高硬度使对偶件的损伤加剧,起不到整体耐磨效果,而通过表面技术制备的自润滑涂层在提高材料表面耐磨性能的同时起到良好的减磨效果,可以很好地解决该类问题,延长摩擦副的使用寿命。目前许多涂层制备手段如化学气相沉积 ( Chemical vapor deposition,CVD) [3]、电镀 (Electroplating)[4]、热喷涂(Thermal spraying)[5]等,在材料选用、沉积厚度、黏结力、塑性变形方面存在局限,而高速激光熔覆技术能够克服这些缺点,为修复和制备优良涂层提供新的加工方式[6-7]

  • Ti3SiC2 是一种典型的 MAX 三元层状陶瓷新型材料,不仅兼具陶瓷材料高熔点、高强度、高模量与金属材料导电、导热、易加工等优异性能,同时还具有优异的自润滑特性,是摩擦副表面改性的理想自润滑涂层材料[8-11]。激光熔覆技术主要是制备钴基、镍基、铁基或添加陶瓷增强相的合金涂层[12],如贺泊铭等[13]采用激光熔覆技术在 Inconel 718 合金制备 Stellite3 / Ti3SiC2 复合涂层,结果表明涂层中添加 Ti3SiC2 能够提高涂层的耐磨损性能; ZHANG 等[14]通过激光熔覆技术在 S355 钢制备 Ni60-Ti3SiC2 涂层,表明 Ti3SiC2 的加入降低了涂层的磨损量; LI 等 [15] 通过激光熔覆技术在 35CrMo 钢上制备了 Co-Ti3SiC2 涂层,其耐磨性达到基材的 3.6~6.2 倍;WANG 等[16]采用激光熔覆技术制备 Co-Ti3SiC2 / Cu 复合涂层,制备的 3 种涂层在不同温度下都表现出良好的抗磨性。李眉葭[17]采用激光熔覆技术在铜合金上制备有镍基夹层的 Co-Ti3SiC2 涂层,试验结果表明适当添加 Ti3SiC2 能有效地减小摩擦、降低磨损。

  • 目前研究者通过将 Ti3SiC2与 Ni 基、Co 基粉末混合制备出复合涂层,而与 Fe 基混合形成复合涂层的研究较少。因此本文以 45 钢为基体,制备 Fe-Ti3SiC2复合涂层,通过分析试样销的磨损量来确定最优工艺参数,同时对熔覆层的显微硬度、熔覆界面形貌以及耐磨性能进行研究,从而制备出一种具备优异耐磨又对对偶件产生减磨效果的 Fe-Ti3SiC2复合涂层。

  • 1 材料与方法

  • 1.1 基体与熔覆材料

  • 选取尺寸为100 mm×100 mm×10 mm的45钢作为基体材料,表面用中型气动磨砂机进行抛光后,放入加有无水乙醇(≥99.9%)的超声波清洗机中振荡 20 min 进行清洗,去除表面杂质。激光熔覆粉末为宁波金雷纳米材料科技有限公司产的 Ti3SiC2 粉末和河北敬业增材制造科技有限公司产的 X-Fe55E 合金粉末,粉末形貌见图1,两种粉末的化学成分 (质量分数)见表1,通过高精密电子天平完成混合粉末配比,然后使用球磨机在 500 r / min 转速下球磨 2 h,制成 Fe-5%Ti3SiC2(质量分数)混合粉末,最后在 100℃真空干燥箱中干燥 4 h。

  • 图1 原材料粉末形貌

  • Fig.1 Morphology of raw material powders

  • 表1 熔覆材料化学成分(质量分数 / wt.%)

  • Table1 Chemical composition of cladding materials (wt.%)

  • 1.2 激光熔覆工艺参数

  • 试验采用沧州中镁激光科技有限公司的高速激光熔覆设备,型号为 CWFL-6000EN。该设备以氩气为保护气,采用三轴同路的方式送粉。采用激光功率(A)、扫描速率(B)、送粉速率(C)作为试验因素,设计三因素三水平的正交试验,通过前期试验探索,其试验因素及水平如表2 所示。

  • 表2 工艺参数及水平

  • Table2 Process Parameters and levels

  • 1.3 材料表征

  • 高速激光熔覆试样制备后,采用 DK7765 线切割机切割出尺寸 10 mm×10 mm×10 mm 的金相试样,对所有样品用 60、220、400、600 和 800 目砂纸依次打磨后,使用 LAP-2E 金相磨抛机进行抛光。用成分为 HNO3∶HF∶H2O=1∶1∶6 腐蚀液对试样腐蚀 5~10 s。采用 TMR1700 型金相显微镜进行单道截面形貌的观察。使用 Rigaku Ultima IV 型 X 射线衍射仪对涂层进行物相分析,波长为 1.541 8、测试电压为 40 kV、电流为 40 mA、扫描范围为 10~90℃。采用 402MVD 维氏显微硬度计测定 Fe / Ti3SiC2 复合涂层试样纵向各区域的显微硬度,负载为 200 g、滞留时间为 10 s、间隔为 0.1 mm、每个试样测 5 次,取平均值并记录。

  • 1.4 摩擦磨损性能

  • 磨损试样切割成直径为 31.8 mm 的圆盘,并采用 #60,#240,#400,#600 的砂纸进行磨抛,利用无水乙醇进行表面清洗后,使用吹风机将试样吹干,对比试样为制备的纯 Fe 基涂层 S10 与未熔覆复合涂层的 45钢S11。对磨试样销是直径为4.8 mm,长度为20 mm 的 GCr15 轴承钢。磨损参数为:室温,试验力为 30 N,转速为 50 r / min,试验时间为 30 min,对磨损试样以及试样销的磨损量损失使用电子天平测量 3 次,取平均值。采用捷克 TESCAN MIRA LMS 扫描电镜观察磨痕形貌,分析摩擦机制。

  • 2 结果及分析

  • 2.1 正交试验

  • 表3 为根据正交方案 L9(33)得到的正交试验结果。各因素对摩擦销磨损量的影响程度见表4。极差 R 反映各试验因素对试验指标的影响程度,极差越大,影响程度越大。根据表4中的数据,RB>RA>RC,可知各因素对试验指标影响依次为:扫描速率、激光功率、送粉速率。前期试验表明,Ti3SiC2涂层具有不错的耐磨效果,因此,本文考察对对偶件的摩擦效果,以试样销总磨损量作为考察指标,磨损量越小,减摩性能越好,均值 K 代表各因素水平对指标的影响大小,故由 K3A<K2A<K1A可知 A 因素水平 3 比其他两个水平要好,同理 K3B<K2B<K1BK2C<K1C<K3C,可得出试验指标最高的为 A3B3C2,即当激光速率为 2.5 kW、扫描速率为 14 mm / s、送粉量为 15 g / min 时对磨销的磨损量最小,在试验水平中最低与试验分析相一致。为了解在不同工艺参数下制备的涂层力学性能,对涂层结合情况以及物相、硬度以及摩擦磨损性能进行研究。

  • 表3 正交试验结果

  • Table3 Orthogonal test results

  • 表4 正交试验结果分析

  • Table4 Analysis of orthogonal test results

  • 2.2 单道熔覆形貌

  • 图2a~2i 所示是不同工艺参数下制备 Fe / Ti3SiC2 复合涂层的熔覆层横截面形貌,可见工艺参数对熔覆层的形貌有着显著影响。图2b、2c 所示试样,激光功率较小,能量密度较低,送粉量较大,导致激光熔化熔覆粉末后对基体的熔化程度较低,界面呈现凸起形貌。S5 截面形貌如图2e 所示,表面存在较多的熔渣,主要是扫描速率与送粉量较大,激光停留在熔道的时间较短,不足以完全熔化所有粉末,粉末飞溅到未冷却凝固的熔覆层表面,形成熔渣。其余涂层表现出良好的冶金结合,主要呈现双月牙形貌,没有明显裂纹,无气孔。

  • 图2 不同工艺参数下 Fe / Ti3SiC2 复合涂层熔覆层横截面形貌

  • Fig.2 Cross-section morphology of Fe / Ti3SiC2 composite coating under different process parameters

  • 图3 是不同工艺参数下熔覆层的显微组织图,从图中可看出,不同工艺参数下 Fe / Ti3SiC2 复合涂层结合处的组织结构基本相同,主要由垂直于基体的柱状晶、树枝晶和平面晶组成,呈现快速凝固特征。根据凝固理论,组织形貌与温度梯度 G 和凝固速率 R 密切相关。在熔池底部,由于温度梯度 G 较大,凝固速率 R 较小,首先是在基体上通过晶体外延附生的形式生成的平面晶作为初始固 / 液界面。此后,随固 / 液界面的推进,温度梯度 G 降低,凝固速率 R 加快,G / R 值变小,导致熔池中的原子来不及扩散,凝固组织逐渐变为树枝晶和柱状晶。随着距熔覆层结合处的距离继续增加,成分过冷程度逐渐增加,促进大量晶粒形核使得晶粒得到细化,从而形成细小的等轴晶。从图3a~3c 可以看出,扫描速率加快及送粉量加大使激光熔覆过程中热输入降低,过冷度加大,形核速率大于核长大速率,导致熔覆层结合处的柱状晶受到抑制,从而使晶粒得到细化。图3a、3d、3g 表明,随着激光功率和送粉量的增大,熔覆层与基体的结合处柱状晶尺寸变大,可能是因为激光功率的增大使热输入增大的影响大于送粉量增大使热输入降低的影响,使得总体热输入增大,过冷度减小,核长大速率增长速率超过形核速率,熔覆层与基体之间的晶粒尺寸变大。

  • 图3 不同工艺参数下 Fe / Ti3SiC2复合涂层的结合处形貌 OM 图

  • Fig.3 OM diagram of the binding of Fe / Ti3SiC2 composite coating under different process parameters

  • 2.3 物相

  • 通过不同工艺参数下 Fe / Ti3SiC2 复合涂层的 XRD 分析物相组成,不同工艺参数下 Fe / Ti3SiC2 复合涂层 XRD 衍射峰基本相同,故挑选部分试样 (S1、S6、S8、S9)进行分析。进行激光熔覆时,高能量的激光束将熔覆粉末与基体表面一起熔化, Fe 粉发生熔化,Ti3SiC2 粉末部分溶解,分离出 Ti 和 C 元素,从而使涂层出现新的物相,结果如图4 所示。不同工艺参数下涂层的主要物相相同,为 α-Fe 和 Ti3SiC2,但新相组成有所差异。S1 涂层形成 SiC、 Ti5Si4和 FeC 等物相,S6 中存在 SiC、Ti5Si4、和 FeC 等物相,还生成了 TiSi2,S8 与 S9 中除上述物相外,还存在部分 Fe 与分离出的 Si、C 元素相结合形成的 FeSiC 相。并且不同工艺参数制备涂层过程中,激光能量密度不同[18],当激光能量密度较大时,熔覆材料可完全熔化,当激光能量密度较低时,熔覆材料未能完全熔化,所以不同工艺条件下涂层中物相组成以及含量有所不同。4 组涂层中都含有 Ti3SiC2,峰强有所不同,S6 表现出的峰强较高,S9 次之,S8 与 S1 表现出的峰强较弱,可见 Ti3SiC2 在激光熔覆过程中,不同的工艺参数下分解程度有所不同。

  • 图4 部分试样 XRD 图谱

  • Fig.4 XRD profile of some samples

  • 2.4 涂层的显微硬度

  • 图5 是不同工艺参数下涂层显微硬度,由图可知,不同工艺参数下制备的 Fe / Ti3SiC2涂层硬度都有一定程度的提高。一方面,激光熔覆快热快冷的特性,涂层的形核率与过冷度增大,出现晶粒细化,发生细晶强化[19-20],另一方面,结合 XRD 分析,激光功率的提高,涂层形成的 SiC 等硬质相增加,导致硬度增大。涂层最低平均硬度为 415 HV0.2,最高达到 603.3 HV0.2,是基体的 1.5~2.0 倍。其中, S9 涂层平均硬度达到 591.7 HV0.2,表明涂层的硬度与耐磨性不一定呈正相关的关系[21-22]

  • 图5 不同工艺参数下 Fe / Ti3SiC2 涂层硬度

  • Fig.5 Fe / Ti3SiC2 Coating hardness for different process parameters

  • 2.5 摩擦磨损性能

  • 2.5.1 磨损量

  • 图6 为相同工艺参数下制备的涂层、基体试样和相应对磨销的磨损量。S10 是与 S9 相同参数下制备的 Fe 基涂层试样,S11 为未熔覆涂层的 45 钢。图4 结果显示,S11 试样及试样销磨损量为 5.9 mg 和 1.7 mg,S10 试样及试样销的磨损量为 0.6 mg 和 2.5 mg,S9 磨损量最低,其试样和试样销的磨损量分别为 0.4 mg 和 0.7 mg。结果表明,制备的 Fe 基硬质涂层提高材料的摩擦磨损性能的同时会提高对对磨件的损耗,而 S9 在提高自身的摩擦磨损性能的同时能够降低对对磨件的磨损,表现出良好的减磨耐磨性能,表明在适当的工艺参数下,Fe / Ti3SiC2 复合涂层在提高材料摩擦磨损性能的同时,对对偶件起到降低磨损的作用。

  • 图6 试样及对磨销磨损量

  • Fig.6 Wear amount of sample and pairs

  • 2.5.2 磨痕显微形貌

  • 图7 是不同工艺参数下涂层的磨痕显微形貌,图7a~7d 为对试样销磨损量较大的涂层的磨痕形貌,依次为 S1、S2、S5、S7 涂层试样。表5 为磨痕截面不同位置处的化学成分(质量分数)。由图可知,涂层试样表面出现不同程度上的犁沟和磨损表面的断裂,但是磨损行为有所不同。S1、S2、S5 主要发生黏着磨损,表面遭到破坏,出现拉拔现象。 S7 主要为少量磨粒磨损以及黏着磨损,耐磨性较差。发生黏着磨损,对对磨件的磨损加大,从而造成试样销的磨损量较大。

  • S9 磨损表面在循环的摩擦力作用下出现少量的磨粒,表面发生磨粒磨损,形成的摩损层表面相对平滑,有利于涂层的减磨效果。根据表5 中 S9 试样各点的 EDS 结果,在各点中都含有 O 元素,表明涂层在摩擦过程中表面发生了氧化,形成 FeO 等氧化物,形成的氧化膜与熔覆层结合良好,形成新的耐磨层,在表面形成固体润滑。试样 9 中 G 点 C 元素高于 FI 点,Ti∶Si=5∶1,结合 XRD 分析,接近 Ti3SiC2 中元素比,表明表面存在 Ti3SiC2 同时对磨损表面起到减磨效果,进一步减少涂层的磨损量,因此,S9 激光参数下制备的涂层有着良好的耐磨减磨效果。

  • 图7f 为 S10 磨损表面的磨痕形貌,表面出现大量的剥落坑和少量平行于摩擦方向的犁沟,体现为黏着磨损和磨粒磨损。根据表5中S10试样各点EDS 显示,磨痕表面存在 O 元素,形成氧化膜,减少对涂层的摩擦,从而降低磨损量。

  • 表5 磨痕截面不同位置的化学成分(质量分数 / wt.%)

  • Table5 Chemical composition at different positions of cross section of wear scar (wt.%)

  • 图7 不同工艺参数下涂层的磨痕显微形貌

  • Fig.7 Ginding micromorphology of coating under different process parameters

  • 3 结论

  • (1)通过正交试验对采用高速激光熔覆技术制备复合涂层的工艺参数进行优化分析,各工艺参数对涂层影响程度大小依次是扫描速率、激光功率、送粉量,当激光功率为 2.5 kW、扫描速率为 14 mm / s、送粉量为 15 g / min 时最佳。

  • (2)在 45 钢表面制备 Fe / Ti3SiC2 复合涂层。通过 XRD 分析发现,主要物相为 α-Fe 和 Ti3SiC2,以及 SiC、Ti5Si4、FeC、TiSi2、FeSiC 等新相,工艺参数不同,物相组成有所差异。涂层组织结构由柱状晶、树枝晶以及平面晶组成。

  • (3)对于传统硬质涂层在提高耐磨性的同时增大对对偶件磨损的情况,在适当的工艺参数下, Fe / Ti3SiC2 复合涂层在提高材料耐磨性的同时降低了对对偶件的磨损,对摩擦副起到整体减磨的效果,相对于基体,涂层与对磨件的磨损量都大大降低。涂层的磨损量降低了 94%,同时其对偶件的磨损量降低了 65%,摩损机制主要是磨料磨损以及氧化磨损,摩擦过程中形成氧化膜与熔覆层结合程度良好。

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    • [19] 王权,刘秀波,刘庆帅,等.45#钢激光熔覆 Ni60/Cu 自润滑复合涂层组织演变及摩擦学性能[J].中国表面工程,2022,35(6):232-243,256.WANG Quan,LIU Xiubo,LIU Qingshuai,et al.microstructure evolution and tribological properties of laser cladding Ni60/Cu self-lubricating composite coatings on 45# steel[J].China Surface Engineering,2022,35(6):232-243,256.(in Chinese)

    • [20] 张诗怡,刘秀波,刘一帆,等.Ti6Al4V 合金激光熔覆 Co-Cu/Ti3SiC2 复合涂层组织与摩擦学性能[J].中国表面工程,2021,34(6):124-133.ZHANG Shiyi,LIU Xiubo,LIU Yifan,et al.Microstructure and tribological properties of Co-Cu/Ti3SiC2 composite coatings on Ti6Al4V alloy by laser cladding[J].China Surface Engineering,2021,34(6):124-133.(in Chinese)

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  • 参考文献

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    • [2] 张凯光.柴油机连杆轴瓦磨损试验方法及磨损行为研究[D].大连:大连海事大学,2021.ZHANG Kaiguang,Research on wear test method and wear behavior of diesel engine connecting rod shbush[D].Dalian:Dalian Maritime University,2021.(in Chinese)

    • [3] BAROOAH R K,PAIVA J M,ARIF A F M,et al.Investigation on wear mechanisms of PVD coatings for form taps in threading of Al-Si alloy[J].Wear,2021,464-465:203528.

    • [4] AYAL A K,ZAINAL Z,HOLI A M,et al.Sensitization of TiO2 nanotube arrays photoelectrode via homogeneous distribution of CdSe nanoparticles by electrodeposition techniques[J].Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids,2021,153:110006.

    • [5] GAO X,LI C,ZHANG D,et al.Numerical analysis of the activated combustion high-velocity air-fuel(AC-HVAF)thermal spray process:a survey on the parameters of operation and nozzle geometry[J].Surface and Coatings Technology,2021,405:126588.

    • [6] YUAN W,LI R,CHEN Z,et al.A comparative study on microstructure and properties of traditional laser cladding and high-speed laser cladding of Ni45 alloy coatings[J].Surface and Coatings Technology,2021,405:126582.

    • [7] ZHU L,LIU Y,LI Z,et al.Microstructure and properties of Cu-Ti-Ni composite coatings on gray cast iron fabricated by laser cladding[J].Optics & Laser Technology,2020,122:105879.

    • [8] YAN H,LIU K,ZHANG P,et al.Fabrication and tribological behaviors of Ti3SiC2/Ti5Si3/TiC/Ni-based composite coatings by laser cladding for self-lubricating applications[J].Optics & Laser Technology,2020,126:106077.

    • [9] TORRES H,RODRÍGUEZ RIPOLL M,PRAKASH B.Tribological behaviour of self-lubricating materials at high temperatures[J].International Materials Reviews,2018,63(5):309-340.

    • [10] SHI X,WANG M,ZHAI W,et al.Influence of Ti3SiC2 content on tribological properties of NiAl matrix self-lubricating composites[J].Materials & Design,2013,45:179-189.

    • [11] XIAO Q D,ZHOU F,WU S.Ti3SiC2 friction material prepared by novel method of infiltration sintering[J].Advances in Applied Ceramics,2017,116(1):2-7.

    • [12] 张志彬,张舒研,陈永雄,等.合金组元与含量对激光熔覆高熵合金涂层的影响研究综述[J].中国表面工程,2021,34(5):76-91.ZHANG Zhibin,ZHANG Shuyan,CHEN Yongxiong,et al.Effects of alloy components and contents on high entropy alloy coatings by laser cladding:a review[J].China Surface Engineering,2021,34(5):76-91.(in Chinese)

    • [13] 贺泊铭,刘秀波,张诗怡,等.Inconel 718 合金激光熔覆 Stellite3/Ti3SiC2 复合涂层摩擦学性能研究[J].摩擦学学报,2023,43(6):606-615.HE Boming,LIU Xiubo,ZHANG Shiyi,et al.Investigation on tribological properties of stellite3/Ti3SiC2 composite coatings on inconel 718 alloy by laser cladding[J].Tribology,2023,43(6):606-615.(in Chinese)

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    • [19] 王权,刘秀波,刘庆帅,等.45#钢激光熔覆 Ni60/Cu 自润滑复合涂层组织演变及摩擦学性能[J].中国表面工程,2022,35(6):232-243,256.WANG Quan,LIU Xiubo,LIU Qingshuai,et al.microstructure evolution and tribological properties of laser cladding Ni60/Cu self-lubricating composite coatings on 45# steel[J].China Surface Engineering,2022,35(6):232-243,256.(in Chinese)

    • [20] 张诗怡,刘秀波,刘一帆,等.Ti6Al4V 合金激光熔覆 Co-Cu/Ti3SiC2 复合涂层组织与摩擦学性能[J].中国表面工程,2021,34(6):124-133.ZHANG Shiyi,LIU Xiubo,LIU Yifan,et al.Microstructure and tribological properties of Co-Cu/Ti3SiC2 composite coatings on Ti6Al4V alloy by laser cladding[J].China Surface Engineering,2021,34(6):124-133.(in Chinese)

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